■1        ELEMENTS 


OF 


FACHYGRAPHY 


BY 


'm 


D.  P.  LINDSLEV, 


13XH    KUJXION. 


BOSTON : 
OTIS    CLAPP   &   SON. 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


B.  0.  B\ym 

LAW/tR 


THE 


Elements  of  Tachygraphy. 


ILLDSTRATIKQ  THE 


Sfivm  ptCnciiiles  of  tlje  iltt, 


IHEIR  ADiPTATION  TO  THE  WMTS  OF  LITERARY,  PROFESSIOMI, 
AND  BOSIISS  MEN. 


REWKITTEN     AND     RE-ENGRAVED, 


DAVID   PHILIP   LINDSLEY. 


THIRTEENTH  EDITION. 


BOSTON: 
OTIS     CLAPr     &     SON,     10     PARK     SQUARE 

18  8  9. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  CongreBB,  In  the  year  1869,  bjr 

D.  P.  LINDSLEY, 

In  ilie  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetta. 


Entered, according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1874.  by  D.  P.  Lindsley,  in 
the  Office  of  the  Libnirian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Re-cDtered  1889,  by  D.  P.  Lindsley. 


Alfued  Mudge  &  Son, 

ei.ectuotypers  and  i'rinters, 

-S  Franklin  ^§T.,^B9§iiO¥. 


« 


1  \^  X  ^ 


PREFACE  TO  THE  THIRTEENTH  EDITION. 


The  aiitlior  herewith  presents  a  new  work  under  an  oki 
title.  The  work  has  passed  through  twelve  editions.  The 
first  edition  was  published  in  1869.  For  twenty  years  it 
has  been  a  standard  work  in  the  science  which  it  teaches. 

In  adapting  it  more  fully  to  present  demands,  the  au- 
thor has  decided  to  preserve  its  general  features.     The 
o»  Introduction  and  first  three   chapters  remain  unchanged. 
^  Commencing  Avith  page  44  the  remainder  is  entirely  new. 
>.  The  writing   and   reading   exercises  have   been  rewritten 
S  and   re-engraved,   forming   a   more   complete  and  better 
^  graded  course.     The  reading  lessons,  which  were  added 
to  the  end  of  the  old  work,  have  been  inserted  in  their 
proper  connection.     The  work  is,  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses, a  new  work,  embracing  the  former  features  of  ex- 
cellence, but  so  supplemented  by  new  matter  as  to  remove 
innumerable   defects  which  the  growth  of  the  art  for  the 
past  twenty  years  had  pointed  out. 

A    NEW    SIMPLE    STYLE. 

This  work  presents  practically  a  new  simple  style,  and 
the  appearance  of  newness  is  heightened  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  some  new  vocal  signs. 

The  few  vocal  changes  are,  however,  the  only  changes 
made  in  the  system  since  its  first  publication,  in  1864,  a 
period  of  twenty-five  years.  As  these  changes  affect  only 
four  of  the  vocal  signs  (excluding  the  signs  for  shade 
sounds,  which  are  seldom  used),  it  may  with  truth  be  said 


449481 


4  PREFACE. 

that  no  fundamental  changes  have  appeai-ed  in  this  system 
since  its  iirst  publication,  which  fact  the  author  regards  as 
a  sufficient  pledge  that  no  changes  will  be  introduced  of 
a  fundamental  character  for  twenty-five  years  to  come. 
Indeed,  the  author  feels  confident  that  his  vt^ork  in  this 
respect  is  done,  never  to  be  again  resumed.  Though  the 
system,  like  all  things  human,  doubtless  has  its  defects, 
the  author  does  not  regard  himself  as  able  to  improve  upon 
the  alphabetic  basis  laid  more  than  twenty-five  years  ago. 
He  has  within  the  last  few  years  subjected  every  feature 
of  the  alphabet  to  the  most  rigid  investigation  in  the  light 
of  his  experience.  He  finds  that  the  reasons  which  origi- 
nally led  to  the  arrangement  and  adaptation  of  signs,  both 
consonant  and  vocal,  are  conclusive,  and  that  no  better 
arrangement  can  be  found.  He  has  laid  his  foundations 
upon  the  bed-rock  of  immutable  principles,  which  must  re- 
main undisturbed  and  unshaken  while  the  English  language 
remains  what  it  is,  and  the  eternal  principles  of  geometric 
science  stand  immutable. 

SHORT-IIAND    A    SCIENCE. 

In  the  form  here  represented,  short-hand  is  a  science 
founded  on  principles  which  have  been  slowly  evolved 
during  the  past  three  hundred  years.  These  principles 
have  been  discovered,  not  invented  ;  they  inhere  in  nature. 
An  author  may  conform  to  them  or  violate  them,  but  they 
rest  not  on  his  authority,  but  on  the  authority  given  to  all 
science,  the  authority  of  the  Author  of  science,  wI:o  made 
all  things.  If  the  author  of  this  work  shall  be  found  to 
have  misrepresented  the  eternal  handwriting  traced  in  the 
principles  of  geometric  science,  let  his  pupils  with  rever- 
ent hand  erase  the  blunder,  and  restore  the  original  record  ; 
but  let  no  profane  or  ignorant  trickster  intermeddle  with 


PREFACE.  5 

it.  From  this  time  forth  let  him  who  treats  of  this  science 
be  ready  to  give  a  scientific  reason  for  his  practice  and  his 
teaching. 

TIIK    STYLE    TAVGIIT. 

This  work  teaches  what  is  known  as  the  simple  style  of 
Tachygraphy,  which  is  based  on  the  use  of  the  alphabet  as 
supplemented  by  the  compounds  of  the  L,  R,  S,  and  Qua 
series,  with  such  word  and  phrase  signs  as  are  regarded 
necessary  to  the  speed  desired. 

ABBREVIATED    WORD    FORMS. 

Our  language  abounds  iu  long  words,  which  seem  to  the 
stenographer  unnecessarily  long  when  written  out  letter 
for  letter.  Nothing  but  a  complete  system  of  steno- 
graphic contractions  can  wholly  ol)viate  the  use  of  many 
long  outlines,  but  such  words  as  treated  in  this  work  will 
be  found  to  be  considera])ly  a]>ridged  by  the  use  of  only  a 
very  few  methods  of  shortening,  which  can  be  easily  re- 
membered and  employed,  and  which  are  sufficiently  legible 
for  all  purposes.  The  number  of  word  signs  and  contracts 
has  been  increased,  and  the  most  frequently  occurring 
prefix  and  affix  syllables  have  been  provided  with  brief 
signs.  In  this  way  one  difficult}'  tliat  has  had  an  influence 
in  retarding  the  more  general  introduction  of  this  style 
has  been  lessened,  if  not  entirely  removed. 

THE    SPEED    OBTAINABLE. 

The  art  as  here  presented  may  be  written  more  rapidly 
than  the  average  speed  required  for  amanuensis  Avork. 
Even  before  this  revision  some  persons  obtained  a  speed 
of  more  than  a  hundred  words  a  minute  iu  the  simple 
style.     This  revision   addf^  twenty  per  cent  to  the  speed 


6  PREFACE. 

obtainable,  which  will  extend  the  use  of  this  style  in  many 
directions.  It  can  be  confidently  recommended  to  the 
thousands  of  active  men  who  have  sought  for  success  in 
vain  in  some  more  highly  wrought  style. 

STENOCtRAPIIY. 

Tliis  work  does  not  aim  to  satisPs'  stenographers.  They 
do  not  always  sufficiently  consider  that  long  outlines, 
which  can  be  rapidly  written  and  read  with  certainty  — 
outlines  which  need  no  memorizing,  and  which  can  never 
be  forgotten  —  are  far  better  for  general  use  than  steno- 
grapliic  devices.  AH  sensible  men  know  that  our  iiighly 
wrought  stenographic  systems  are  practicable  only  for  the 
very  few,  and  that  if  the  art  is  ever  introduced  for  general 
use,  a  style  like  the  simple  style  of  Tachygraphy  is  the 
only  practical  one.  Even  the  objector  is  compelled  to 
admit  that  his  stenography  or  plionography  is  irapracti- 
Ciihle  for  general  use,  and  that  in  condemning  the  only 
style  that  is  practicable,  he  cuts  off  all  hope  of  ever  real- 
izing that  use  of  the  art  for  which  all  authors  have 
labored,  and  which  even  he  himself  has  believed  to  be 
both  desirable  and  attainable.  Yet,  while  not  attempting 
the  impossible  task  of  making  a  pure  phonography  and  a 
stenography  at  the  same  time,  the  autlior  has  adapted  the 
style  more  perfectly  to  tlie  use  of  long  words.  He  has 
grappled  with  this  problem  fearlessly,  and  asks  for  this 
feature  of  the  work  that  consideration  which  it  deserves. 

THE    SIMPLE    STYLE    NECESSARY    TO    A    PERFECT    COMMAND    OP 
THE    CONTRACTED    STYLE. 

Whatever  the  student  may  desire  to  do  in  the  way  of 
abbreviations  afterwards,  the  wisest  cmu'se  is  for  him  to 


PEEFACE.  7 

reduce  to  practice,  thoroughly,  the  simple  style  as  taught 
in  this  work.  He  must  not  only  understand,  but  be  able 
to  use  it  with  facility  and  rapidity  ;  for  his  success  in  the 
contracted  style  depends  very  largely  upon  it.  It  is  a 
mistake  to  suppose  that  this  st3-le  can  be  ignored  and  con- 
tractions be  entered  upon  with  safety,  while  the  student 
is  unable  to  write  the  art  for  any  practical  purpose. 
Those  teachers  that  advise  this  course  give  l)ad  advice. 
The  success  of  the  student  that  tries  to  climb  up  some 
other  way  may  at  first  appear  to  be  more  rapid.  He  may 
get  a  smattering  of  principles  in  a  two  or  three  months' 
course  that  flatter  him  with  hopes  of  speedy  success ; 
but  high  attainments  in  the  art  cannot  be  so  acquired. 

A    PRACTICAL    KNOWLEDGE    OF    THE     SIMPLE    STYLE 

is  necessary  to  a  legible  writing  of  the  world  of  proper 
names  and  places,  and  the  fifty  thousand  uncommon  words 
of  our  language,  which,  though  seldom  used,  are  liable 
now  and  then  to  occur,  and  which  are  all  the  more  trouble- 
some, from  the  fact  that  they  occur  only  once  or  twice 
perhaps  in  a  lifetime.  Even  the  dexterous  manipulator 
of  contractions  often  finds  them  a  stumbling-block  over 
which  he  falls. 

THE    EXTENDED    USE    OF    THE    ART. 

The  question  naturally  arises  whether  the  art  has  made 
any  substantial  gains  during  the  past  twenty  years. 
There  certainly  has  been  a  large  increase  in  its  profes- 
sional use,  but  its  use  for  literary  f,nd  business  purposes 
has  been  retarded  by  many  diverting  influences.  Among 
these  may  be  mentioned  tlie  introduction  of  tj^pe-writers. 
While  they  have  done  good  work  in  some  directions,  they 


8  PREl^ACE. 

have  not  relieved  to  any  appreciable  extent  the  labors  of 
literary  men.  In  correspondence,  they  have  been  chiefly 
useful  in  offices  where  professional  clerks  are  emplo3'ed. 
The  great  body  of  our  people  do  not  use  them  and  cannot 
make  them  available.  They  can  never  take  the  place  of 
the  pen. 

Another  diverting  influence  has  been  the  stenographic 
aim  of  both  teacher  and  pupil.  The  pupil's  only  aim  and 
purpose  being  to  get  a  paying  situation,  the  art  becomes 
to  liira  a  beast  of  burden,  and  the  teacher,  finding  it  neces- 
sary to  supply  tlie  public  demand,  drops  to  the  same  low 
level.  The  art  with  all  its  grand  achievements  and 
grander  possibilities  ceases  to  be  even  considered  ;  and 
those  who  have  sacrificed  in  its  publication  and  introduc- 
tion are  counted  with  the  long-buried  heroes  of  former 
times,  as  having  no  longer  a  place  among  living  men. 

To  some,  science  is  the  goddess  great, 
To  some,  the  milch  kine  of  the  field. 
Their  business  but  to  calculate 
The  butter  she  will  yield. 

Doubtless  some  good  will  come  from  this  secularization 
of  the  art.  A  new  sacredness  will  iu  time  come  through 
lis  use.  All  great  inventions  that  meet  a  public  want 
pass  through  similar  stages  of  development  in  their  use. 
They  are  at  first  a  to}',  then  the  tool  of  the  specialist, 
and  finally  the  indispensable  aid  of  the  toiling  millions. 
So  there  is  no  reason  to  despair  of  this  art,  because  it  has 
not  yet  reached  the  third  stage  of  development.  It  will 
reach  it,  and  when  it  does  it  will  long  remain  beyond  the 
reach  of  competition  by  any  form  of  mechanism  or  other 
divei'ting  influences.  One  thing  should  be  especially  borne 
iu  miud,  and  that  is,  that  the  introrb.r'tion  of  Tachygraph}' 


PKEFACE.  9 

is  an  educational  question,  and  all  educational  work  is  of 
necessity  a  missionary  work.  The  reason  that  Tachygraphy 
was  at  first  outstripped  in  the  race  by  the  type -writer  is 
because  the  type-writer  demanded  nothing  new  in  educa- 
tion. It  met  the  pul)lic  on  the  level  of  its  present  acquire- 
ments. Tachygraph}-  must  of  necessity  elevate  the  tone 
of  pul>lic  intelligence.  To  make  it  the  current  system  of 
writing  requires  a  revolution  in  our  writing  and  spelling 
habits.  Once  accomplished,  no  language  can  paint  the 
glories  of  the  intellectual  era  ushered  in  :  but  by  as  much 
as  the  glory  is  greater,  by  so  much  is  the  labor  of  intro- 
duction increased. 

THE    WOKK    ALREADY    ACCOMPLISHED. 

It  is  too  soon  to  expect  much  results.  The  past  twenty 
years  has  been  a  period  of  preparation.  The  author  has 
not  until  very  recently  prepared  works  with  any  design  of 
putting  them  into  the  schools,  but  has  been  gradually  pre- 
paring for  that  result  certain  to  come  in  its  own  time.  Yet 
even  in  this  preparatory  stage  something  has  been  done. 
All  classes  of  business  and  professional  men  have  made 
the  art  available  and  use  it  to-day.  Probably  it  is  serving 
more  clergymen,  lawyers  physicians,  students,  and  liter- 
ary men  than  all  the  other  systems  of  short-hand  in  the 
country.  Tens  of  thousands  of  letters  written  in  Tachyg- 
raphy pass  through  our  mails  ever}'^  year. 

When  it  shall  dawn  upon  the  consciousness  of  the  edu- 
cators of  America  that  the  ability  to  write  the  simple  style 
of  Tachygraphy  is  easily  acquired,  that  it  is  entirely  reli- 
able for  all  the  uses  of  writing,  and  that  it  will  save  three 
fourths  of  the  time  and  lal)or  now  used  by  our  common 
long-hand,  the  art  will  be  introduced  into  schools,  and 
begin  to  take  that  higher  place  which  it  is  so  well  pre- 
pared to  fill. 


10  PREFACE. 

THE    FIELD    OCCUPIED    BY    THIS    "WORK. 

As  there  .are  now  several  works  on  sale  which  teach  the 
simple  style  of  Tachygraphy,  the  judicious  teacher  will  in- 
quire what  special  field  this  work  is  designed  to  fill.  The 
author  would  say,  that  it  is  at  the  present  time  the  only 
complete  work  on  the  Simple  Style.  Tiiere  are  other  works, 
however,  more  elementary  and  better  adapted  to  young 
students,  such  as  the  Exercise  Book  and  the  Manual.  The 
Exercise  Book  will  make  an  excellent  introduction  to  this 
work,  especially  in  schools  of  a  lower  grade.  This  work 
is  adapted  to  the  use  of  students  in  colleges,  academies, 
and  high  schools,  and  to  persons  of  culture  outside  of  the 
schools  ;  but  it  should  not  be  put  into  the  hands  of  boys 
and  girls  still  in  their  teens  as  a  first  book.  Doubtless 
those  that  are  bright  among  them  would  succeed  even  in 
this  case,  but  it  would  be  better,  in  the  judgment  of  the 
author,  to  use  with  such  pupils  the  simpler  works  first, 
and  finish  the  course  with  this  work. 

THE    CONTRACTED    STYLE. 

The  contracted  stvle  is  taught  in  other  works.  A  new 
work  just  issued,  entitled  "A  Short  Course  in  Business 
Short-hand,"  is  especially  commended  to  those  who  wish 
to  go  further  in  the  art  than  this  work  will  carry  them. 

The  Style  taught  in  the  Short  Course  is  new,  as  well  as 
the  work  itself.  It  contains  all  the  contractions  necessary 
for  amanuensis  work  and  foi'  all  kinds  of  light  reporting, 
but  avoids  the  multiplicity  of  detail  which  the  student 
finds  in  the  hand-book. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The  author  desires  to  express  his  acknowledgments  to 
the  author  of  Phonography  and  to  many  writers  of  that 


PREFACE.  11 

system  for  thnt  early  training  which  laid  the  basis  of  his 
short-hand  acquirements.  He  is  also  indebted  to  hundreds 
of  the  writers  of  Tachygraphy,  each  one  of  whom  has  con- 
tributed some  suggestion  or  word-  or  phrase-form  which 
lias  found  a  permanent  place  in  the  system.  He  wishes 
to  thank  all  teachers  who  have  made  suggestions  concern- 
ing the  aim  or  scope  of  the  present  work,  and  especially 
Mr.  L.  C.  Crippen,  the  popular  and  successful  teacher  of 
this  style,  who  suggested  Writing  Exercises  24  and  25. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  conclusion,  the  author  may  say  that  this  system  of 
Tachygraphy  is  now  provided  with  a  complete  set  of  text- 
books and  those  of  the  most  practical  character.  In  com- 
paring the  new  works  with  the  old,  he  takes  such  delight 
as  the  pioneer  feels  when  his  rude  hut  has  given  place  to 
a  house  more  commodious  and  comfortable.  He  begins 
to  wonder  how  pupils  ever  learned  the  art  from  the  old 
books.  Under  skilful  teachers  the  defects  in  the  text- 
book can  be  supplemented  ;  but  in  the  use  of  this  work 
the  teacher  will  find  fewer  defects  to  remove,  and  can  ad- 
vance his  pupils  with  far  greater  rapidity  and  to  a  higher 
measure  of  success  ;  while  those  nnfortunately  unable  to 
find  a  teacher  will  be  able,  by  following  its  directions  care- 
fully and  persistently,  to  reach  a  useful  and  practical 
knowledge  of  the  art  with  far  less  labor  than  heretofore. 
The  author  rejoices,  and  asks  the  multitude  of  his  friends 
to  rejoice  with  him,  in  the  blessing  of  the  Lord  which  has 
brought  him  to  this  happ}' conclusion. 

THE   AUTHOR. 
Philadelphia,  March  5,  1889. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Introductiok. 

Inventions,  the  Levers  that  move  the  World la 

The  Use  of  Short-hand  Writing  in  the  Early  Christian  and  Middle 

Ages 16 

Two  Methods  of  making  the  Art  Serviceable 17 

Tachygraphy  Better  than  the  Old  Phonography,  Even  for  Steno- 
graphic Use l5 

Tachygraphy  for  the  Use  of  Students 19 

Tachygraphy  Used  in  Correspondence 2C 

Tachygraphy  More  Easily  Learned  than  the  Common  Long-hand     .  20 
Tachygraphy  Written  in  its  Simplest  Form  Three  Times  as  Rapidly 

as  Long-hand,  and  Perfectly  Legible 21 

Phonography  Proved  Impracticable    by  Half  a  Million  Witnesses,  22 

The  Seductiveness  of  Brief  Forms 23 

Only  one  System  practicable  for  current  L'so 24 

Wkiting  Materials,  Manner  op  Holding  the  Pen         ...  27 

Explanations  op  Terms 28 

CHAPTER  I. 

Cue  Origin  op  the  Brief  Letters 29 

CHAPTER  II. 

1'he  Sounds  to  be  Represented •  33 

CHAPTER  III. 

fuE  New  Letters  Applied .  34 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Directions  for  Practice 43 

The  Alphabet,  with  Key 44,  45 

Brills  Xos.  1,  2,  3,  with  Key 46,  47 

The  Sounds  of  the  Letters 48 

Writing  Exercises  1,  2,  and  3 49 

Drills  Nos.  4  and  5,  with  Key 50,  51 

Reading  Exercise  1 60 

Writing  Exercises  4  and  5 51 


CONTENTS. 


13 


CnAPTEIl  V. 


Joinings  of  the  Mediai,  Vocals     . 
Writing  Exercises  (Jiuid  7 
Drills  Nos.  6,  V,  ami  8,  with  Key  . 
Writing  Exercise  S  . 
Drills  Kos.  9,  10,  ami  11,  with  Key 
Reading  Exercise  2  . 

Dash  Vocals 

Drills  Nos.  12,  IH,  and  14,  with  Key 
Reading  Exercise  3  .... 
Writing  Exercise  9  . 


r.4,  -^b 
55 

56,  57 
50 
57 

58,  59 
58 
59 


CHAPTER  VI. 


Consonant  Joinings    . 
Position  of  Outlines 
Writing  Exercises  10  and  11   . 
Word  J^igns      .... 
Reading  Exercise  4 
Vowel  Omissions 
Outlines  Nos.  1  and  2,  with  Key 


60,  CI 

G2-G4 
03 

G4,  05 
01 
05 

fiO,  07 


CHAPTER   VI r. 


Consonantal  DipnTnoxos 

Writing  Exercises  12  and  13   . 
Outlines  Nos.  3  and  4,  with  Kej- 
The  Compounds  of  the  S  Series 
Outlines  Xos.  5  and  6,  with  Key 
Writing  Exercise  14 
Reading  Exercise  5  . 
The  Final  L,  R,  and  S  Series 
Outlines  Xos.  7  and  8,  with  Key 
Writing  Exercise  15 
The  Circle  used  Medially 
Extended  Use  of  the  Circle 
Outlines  Xos.  9  and  10,  with  Key 
The  Double  Circle    . 
Re.iding  Exercise  0  . 
Writing  Exercise  18 


70,  77 
7S 
78 
79 

80,  SI 
81 
82 
S3 


14 


CONTENTS. 


CIIAPTEU  VIII. 


Word  Signs  and  Special  Contracts    . 
Outlines  Nos.  11,  12,  aud  13,  with  Key 
Exceptioual  use  of  the  Compounds 
Writing  Exercise  10  ... 

Reading^Exercise  7  . 
WritiuL'  Exercise  20  .        .        .        , 


8.5 
84,  8.5,  m 


CHAPTER   IX. 


Prefix  and  Affix  Syllables 

Outline  C,  and  Nos.  14  and  l.'i,  witli  Kej- 
Outlines  N"08.  10  and  17,  witli  Ivey 
The  Terminations  ic,  ii,  ile,  in,  ine,  age,  ance,  ant. 
The  Terminations  hood,  nre,  ural,  dent,  tent,  nu-nt 

ity,  etc.  

Writing  Exercise  21 

Final  en  on  Direct  Curves 

Common  I'refixes,  Compound  Words,  and  Key  to 

Outlines  Nos.  IS  and  19 

Key  to  OutUnes  No.  19,  .and  Writing  Exercise  22 
Outline  1)  and  Reading  Exercise  8           ... 
Shortened  Prefixes,  and  Key  to  Outline  1)    . 
Outline  No.  20  and  Reading  Exercise  9 
Key  to  Outline  No.  20,  and  Writing  Exercise  23 
Reading  Exercise  9 


etc. 
,  nienti 


No, 


91 
90,  91 
92,  93 
90,  91 


92,  93 

94 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 

101 

102 


CHAPTER     X. 


Phrase  Writino  and  Variable  Letters 103 

Outlines  E  and  F,  with  Key 104,105 

Writing  Exercises  24  and  25 106 

A'ariable  Letters 107 

Outlines  Nos.  21  and  22,  with  Key 108,109 

Writing  Exercise  26 109 

Reading  Exercise  10 110 

Reading  Exercise  11 112 

Writing  Exercise  27 111-113 

Reading  Exercise  12 114 

Writing  Exercise  28 115 


INTRODCJCTION. 


Inventions  are  the  levers  that  move  the  world.  Evei7 
step  in  the  advancement  of  mankind  from  barbarism  to  civ- 
ilization is  marked  by  the  application  of  some  new  power, 
by  which  the  force  of  body  or  of  mind  may  be  greatly  aug- 
mented. 

The  puny  arm  of  man  has  been  relieved  from  nearly  all 
kinds  of  drudgery  by  the  power  of  water  and  of  steam,  and 
the  ten  thousand  contrivances  by  which  that  power  is  ap- 
plied. We  have  conquered  matter,  not  by  growing,  as  the 
fabled  giants  of  old  did,  till  we  could  pile  mountain  upon 
mountain  by  our  unaided  strength,  but  by  learning  how  to 
apply,  in  a  wonderful  manner,  the  strength  that  God  has 
given  us. 

Though  we  depend  upon  facilities  to  aid  in  mental  and 
moral  advancement,  as  much  as  in  physical,  yet  we  have 
b«en  slow  to  apply  to  the  mental  and  moral  elevation  of  the 
race  the  principles  that  have  enabled  us  to  develop  our  ma- 
terial resources. 

Inventions  to  aid  in  the  commerce  of  ideas  are  no  less 
essential  than  those  which  we  have  realized  in  the  inter- 
change of  coarser  commodities.  The  art  of  writing  was 
the  original  lever  by  which  the  race  was  at  first  raised  above 
barbarism.  Successive  improvements  in  this  art  havtf 
•^liO-ked  the  epochs  of  thf  greatest  mental  activity. 

u 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

The  invention  aud  use  of  sliort-liand  writing  paved  tha 
way  for  the  introduction  of  Christianity,  and  aided  its  diffii- 
Bion  wonderfully.  Verbatim  reporters  were  common  in  the 
age  of  the  apostles ;  and  the  sayings  of  the  martyrs  would 
never  have  been  preserved  without  this  instrumentality. 
Those  heroic  men  who  battled  so  nobly  with  pen  as  well 
as  tongue  in  upholding  Christianity  against  the  wisdom  of 
the  Pagan  world,  relied,  in  some  instances,  on  their  staff  of 
/!wift  writers  as  a  means  without  which  they  would  have 
accomplished  but  little. 

During  the  darkness  of  the  middle  ages,  from  the  fifth 
to  the  fifteenth  century,  short-hand  slept,  and  the  intellect  of 
the  world  slept  with  it ;  but,  with  the  new  life  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  short-hand  revived,  never,  we  trust,  to  be 
again  obscured. 

It  would  be  necessary,  to  a  full  understanding  of  the  pres- 
ent position  of  the  art,  to  trace  the  gradual  unfolding  of  its 
principles  during  the  three  centuries  past.  The  devotion, 
zeal,  faith,  and  patience  that  have  been  called  out  by  the 
art  are  not  surpassed  in  the  records  of  any  of  the  nat- 
ural sciences.  That  the  art  is  a  science,  with  laws  based  in 
Nature,  cannot  be  doubted  by  any  one  who  studies  its  history, 
or  even  acquires  its  principles  in  accordance  with  its  more 
rational  forms  of  development.  And,  if  any  are  discour- 
aged by  the  long  delay  of  its  success,  and  the  many  failures 
that  it  has  experienced,  they  should  recollect  that  steam  navi- 
gation and  locomotion  were  as  long  unproductive  of  great 
results. 

But  we  cannot  here  enter  into  the  history  of  the  art.  It 
may  be  many  years  before  the  labor  necessary  to  do  justice 
to  such  a  history  can  be  employed  to  advantage.  The  pen 
seems  to  have  been  very  chary  of  the  records  of  its  own 
achievements  ;   and  the  great  mass  of  men  take  the  advan- 


ADVANTAGES  OF   SffORT-HAND.  17 

lages  of  writing,  even  io  the  common  form,  as  they  do  tha 
air  of  heaven,  without  stopping  to  thank  the  Giver  of  all 
good,  or  to  ask  wlien,  where,  or  how  so  wonderful  a  facility 
was  discovered,  who  sacrificed  their  lives  in  its  introduc- 
tion, who  aided  its  development,  or  how  it  gradually  grew 
Into  its  present  form.  In  the  glory  of  the  results,  we  forge* 
the  instruments,  and  become  insensible  of  cur  dependence 
upon  them. 

The  advantages  of  brief  and  rapid  writing  may  be  made 
available  in  two  ways  ;  1st,  By  the  means  of  experts  in  its 
use,  who  act  as  reporters  of  popular  assemblies,  and  aman- 
uenses for  literary  men  ;  and,  2d,  By  its  general  introduction 
among  all  classes  of  people. 

The  advantages  of  the  art  have  been  secured,  to  some 
extent,  by  reporters  for  the  press,  and  by  amanuenses  ;  but 
this  success  is  still  partial.  Less  than  one  in  ten  of  our 
newspaper  reporters  have  heretofore  been  able  to  make  the 
art  available  ;  while  very  few  of  our  literary  and  business 
men  seem  conscious  of  the  vast  relief  from  toil,  and  the 
great  augmentation  of  their  power,  that  they  might  effect 
by  the  employment  of  short-hand  writers.  A  business-man 
can,  in  this  way,  dictate  answers  to  his  correspondents  in  a 
few  minutes,  that  would  require  five  times  as  long  to  write 
out  in  the  usual  way ;  and  thus  save,  at  little  expense, 
several  hours  of  valuable  time  each  day.  And  the  literary 
man  may  dictate  a  work,  not  only  with  the  freedom  of  ex- 
temporary discourse,  but  in  a  more  satisfactory  form  than 
be  could  write  it. 

To  the  orator,  whether  discoursing  on  sacred  or  secular 
topics,  this  means  of  preparing  discoui-ses  would,  at  least, 
treble  his  capacity  for  usefulness,  and  add  to  the  freshness 
and  vivacity  of  his  discourses  as  much  as  to  the  ejisc  of 
preparing  them. 

2* 


18  INTRODUCTION 

For  these  uses,  the  old  and  complicated  forms  of  the  arl 
have  answered  to  some  extent.  Tliough  very  imperfect  for 
such  uses,  still,  by  a  careful  preparation  of  three  to  five 
years,  young  men  of  sullicient  natural  aptitude  have  become 
qualified  for  such  service  by  the  use  of  Phonography. 
Still,  the  introduction  of  the  more  facile  and  legible  styles  of 
Tachygraphy  is  demanded  to  render  short-hand  a  complete 
success  in  this  department  of  its  use.  The  art  cannot  per- 
form all  that  it  is  capable  of  doing,  until  all  our  newspaper 
reporters,  and  all  our  amanuenses  and  private  secretaries, 
are  able  to  bring  it  into  their  service.  Most  of  them  could 
not  afford  to  spend  the  great  amount  of  time  and  labor 
necessary  to  master  the  art  in  its  previously-complicated 
forms ;  and  besides,  when  they  did  devote  years  of  labor 
to  its  acquisition,  they  found  it  too  imperfect  and  illegible  to 
answer  perfectly  the  purpose  for  which  they  acquired  it. 
Bat  the  labor  of  acquiring  the  art  in  its  present  form,  as 
explained  in  the  following  work,  is  so  greatly  lessened,  and 
its  efhcieucy  and  accuracy  so  much  increased,  that  all 
classes  of  amanuenses  and  newspaper  reporters  may  avail 
themselves  of  its  advantages. 

But  this  is  not  the  most  important  service  which  the  art 
can  render.  Thought  cannot  live  without  expression.  All 
acknowledge  that  education  is,  to  a  great  degree,  a  drawing- 
out,  or  developing,  of  the  faculties  of  the  mind  ;  and  yet  such 
are  our  educational  facilities,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  do 
this.  Wc  are  well  supplied  with  books,  and  every  facility 
necessary  for  furnishing  mental  food  ;  but  aids  to  mental  dU 
gesiionare  few.  Students  in  our  schools  are  expected  to  put 
their  own  thoughts  in  order  ;  but  such  is  the  labor  and  time 
required  to  perform  the  mechanical  part  of  this  work,  that 
the  active  youth  is  soon  disgusted  with  the  effort. 

But  let  all  out  students  become  skilful  writers  of  Ta- 


SHOET-HAND  FOR   STUDENTS.  19 

chygrapby,  and  writing  will  be  a  pleasure,  instead  ol  a  drudg« 
cry.  The  value  of  this  means  Avill,  of  course,  depend 
largely  upon  the  appreciation  and  skill  of  the  teacher  in 
asing  it ;  but,  properly  employed,  it  will  add  greatly  to  suc- 
cess in  the  higher  departments  of  education.  Especially  in 
colleges  and  professional  schools,  lectures  that  are  now  for- 
gotten as  soon  as  heard  will  be  preserved  for  use  in  after- 
life. 

This,  however,  is  not  the  only  use  of  the  art  in  education. 
By  converting  what  is  now  a  drudgeiy  into  a  pastime,  a 
healthy  mental  activity  is  promoted.  The  passionate 
interest  taken  in  the  beauty  and  grace  of  the  short-hand 
characters  is  such  as  is  called  out  in  the  study  of  the  fine 
arts,  — painting,  sculpture,  and  music. 

There  is  still  a  broader  field  of  usefulness  for  short-hand 
than  the  educational  field.  The  art  can  never  be  useful  to 
the  highest  degree,  until  all  classes  of  people  are  instructed 
in  its  use.  It  will  then  be  a  social  power  wholly  incalcula- 
ble. We  are  strangers  to  the  thoughts  of  our  friends,  and 
must  remain  so  until  this  wonderful  art  shall  unseal  the 
fountains  of  affection,  and  bring  those  nigh  that  have  been 
widely  separated.  Letters  of  frieudship  have  grown  few 
and  brief.  Correspondence  has  been  mainly  confined  to 
business  that  must  be  done.  All  that  is  genial  and  invigor- 
ating in  the  interchange  of  thought  has  been  frozen  in  the 
tediousness  of  utterance. 

When  Tachygraphy  shall  be  generally  known  and  used, 
an  electric  thrill  of  life  will  run  through  our  communities, 
awakening  new  sympathies,  and  forming  bonds  of  union 
long  dissevered.  What  railroads  have  done  in  bringing 
friends  together  that  could  otherwise  never  interchange  a 
visit  during  a  lifetime,  brief  writing  will  do,  in  bringing,' 
minds  together  that  would,  wUhnnt  it,  communicate  with  too 


£0  INTRODUCTION. 

much  difficulty  to  be  able  to  continue  the  acquaintance  begun 
in  youth  ;  and  aid  in  extending  that  more  valuable  inter- 
change of  thought  among  those  of  similar  tastes,  which 
tends  both  to  the  perfection  of  our  knowledge  of  science, 
and  its  general  diffusion. 

Let  us  suppose,  for  illusti*ation,  that  all  mankind  spoJce 
with  the  slowness  and  painful  effort  with  which  we  record 
langTiage.  Suppose  we  were  obliged  to  spell  every  word 
by  naming  its  letters,  in  order  to  talk  ;  thus,  I-n  in,  t-h-e 
the,  b-e  be,  g-i-n  gin,  n-i-n-g  ning,  beginning,  G-o-d,  c-r-e- 
a-t-e-d,  t-h-e,  h-e-a-v-e-n-s,  a-n-d,  t-h-e,  e-a-r-t-h,  &c. : 
how  long  would  conversation  be  tolerated  in  this  age? 
Suppose,  then,  that  this  race  of  semi-mutes  should  be  en- 
dowed with  speech,  with  our  present  fluency ;  the  new  life 
that  would  burst  forth  in  one  universal  shout  of  thanksgiv- 
ing would  indicate,  in  part,  the  rapture  of  the  freedom  in 
troduced  by  the  general  use  of  brief  writing. 

The  blessings  of  human  speech  are  incomparably  great. 
Nothing  can  take  the  place  of  that  free  and  unfettered  inter- 
course in  which  soul  blends  with  soul.  But  speech  dies  od 
the  air,  and  is  lost ;  while  writing  may  fly  on  the  wings  of 
the  wind  to  any  part  of  the  earth,  and  may  be  preserved,  if 
desired,  for  coming  generations. 

But,  it  may  be  asked,  can  this  brilliant  conception  be 
realized?  We  answer.  Most  undoubtedly.  It  is  not  even  a 
difficult  thing  any  longer.  The  only  difficulty  was  in  the 
discovery  of  a  really  practical  style  of  brief  writing.  This 
was  difficult ;  for  it  required  the  growth  of  several  centuries 
to  bring  it  to  perfection.  But  that  difficulty  has  been  finally 
removed.  Tachygraphy  can  he  reduced  to  practice  wiih  far 
less  labor  than  the  chirography  now  employed.  If  intro- 
duced to  children  at  a  proper  age,  they  would  become  as 
proficient  in  its  use,  with  one  year's  practi<;e,  as  they  nov 


TACHYGRAPHY  PRACTICABLE.  21 

become  in  our  common  chirography  with  the  labor  of  seve- 
ral years.  Besides,  it  would  be  to  them  au  inspiration 
and  a  joy,  instead  of  a  drudgery,  and  aid  them  to  under- 
stand those  general  principles  of  language  which  are  ob- 
scured by  our  present  orthography. 

The  style  best  adapted  to  general  use  is  fully  written,  and 
more  legible  than  our  present  character.  In  its  fullest  form, 
it  is  written  three  times  as  rapidly  as  the  common  writing, 
■while  the  labor  saved  is  greater  in  proportion  than  the  time. 
The  hand  is  obliged,  in  Tachygraphy,  to  make  only  one-fifth 
as  many  strokes,  and  to  move  over  only  one-ninth  the  dis- 
tance, in  writing  a  given  paper, .that  would  be  necessary  iu 
writing  the  same  thing  in  the  usual  way. 

The  fully-written  style  of  Tachygraphy,  as  illustrated  in 
this  volume,  must  not  be  confounded  with  those  briefer 
Btyles  designed  for  the  use  of  reporters.  We  do  not  estimate 
here  the  speed  and  brevity  of  those  more  contracted  styles  ; 
for  they  are  not  adapted  for  general  use. 

The  use  of  stenographic  contractions  of  any  kind  must 
always  be  limited  ;  and  the  introduction  of  such  styles,  in 
connection  with  those  of  general  utility,  is  to  be  regretted, 
as  it  gives  occasion  for  the  supposition  that  the  art  is  mainly 
designed  for  such  professional  service. 

In  the  styles  of  short-hand  heretofoi-e  offered,  legibility  has 
been  sacrificed  to  brevity,  and  the  wants  of  the  many  to  the 
demands  of  the  professional  reporter.  But  these  works 
have  professed  to  offer  advantages  to  all,  and  have  been 
eagerly  sought  for  by  all  classes  of  people.  Though  we  have 
no  means  of  making  accurate  statistics  on  this  subject,  yet, 
from  the  enormous  sale  of  some  editions  of  the  text-books 
on  Mr.  Pitman's  phonography,  Ave  have  reason  to  believe 
that  at  least  half  a  million  of  text-books  have  been  sold  durina 


22  INTRODUCTION. 

ibc  past  twenty-eight  years.*  Half  a  million  of  experiments 
would  satisfy  any  scientist  as  a  basis  for  generalization. 
Now,  what  does  the  result  show  in  favor  of  the  attempt  to 
introduce  stenographic  peculiarities  for  the  general  pur- 
poses of  writing?  Probably  not  more  than  five  hundred 
persons  of  the  five  hundred  thousand  persons  procuring  these 
works  have  become  really  expert  in  the  use  of  them.  One  in 
every  thousand  has  attained  the  skill  sought  for  in  the  use  o^ 
a  style  adapted  only  to  reporters.f  Perhaps  five  hundred, 
or  possibly  a  thousand  more,  have  gained  a  degree  of  speed 
equal  to  what  they  might  have  acquired  in  a  simpler,  plainer 
style  ;  Avhile  at  least  four  hundred  and  ninety-eight  thousand 
failed  to  make  it  answer  the  end  for  which  they  sought  it. 
Must  the  millions  be  deprived  of  this  art  simply  because  they 
cannot  thread  the  mazes  of  the  arbitrary  contractions  de- 
signed for  professional  reporters?  Such  a  conclusion  would 
be  no  more  reasonable  than  to  assume  that  it  was  impossi- 
ble to  found  a  city,  because  it  was  found  impossible  to  draw 
together  a  very  lai'ge  number  of  persons  on  the  top  of  the 
White  Mountains  ;  or  to  deny  that  a  railroad  was  practica- 
ble after  a  mountain  had  been  tunnelled,  simply  because 
no  train  of  cars  could  be  drawn  over  its  highest  peak. 

Those  who  have  spent  much  time  in  tlie  study  and 
practice  of  Phonograph}-,  to  but  little  purpose,  maj'  still 
make  this  study  productive,  b}'  ajiplyiug  the  knowledge  of 

*  Under  the  stimulus  of  an  active  demand  for  i)rofeseional  service,  Phonog- 
raphy has  produced  better  results  during  the  past  twenty  years.  At  present 
(1SS9),  the  number  of  amanuenses  in  this  country  may  be  estimated  at  abcut 
twenty  thousand,  three  fourths  of  whom  write  less  than  one  hundred  words  a 
minute.  About  five  thousand,  or  one  person  in  a  hundred  of  those  taking  up  the 
study,  may  be  supposed  to  have  reached  a  fair  rei)ortiug  speed. 

Tachygraphy  has  produced  far  greater  results  iu  projiortion  to  the  text-books 
sold.  With  an  aggregate  sale  of  thirty  thousand  copies,  we  have  about  ten 
thousand  writers,  a  fair  proi)ortion  of  whom  are  competent  stenographers. 

[5ee  testimonials  at  the  end  of  this  volume. 


BRIEF  WORD-FORMS  SEDUCTIVE.  23 

the  principles  of  the  art  gained  iu  this  way  to  the  practice  of 
Tachygraphy.  Tliose  who  have  spent  from  five  to  twelve 
years  in  the  practice  of  Phonography  have  found,  that,  so  far 
from  being  hindered  by  this  in  acquiring  Tachygraphy,  their 
previous  practice  of  a  different  style  was  a  great  aid  to 
them.  When  the  hundreds  of  thousands  who  have  invested 
in  Phonography  a  capital  of  labor  that  is  not  now  available 
shall  follow  the  example  of  those  who  have  already  tested 
the  matter,  they  will  find  that  their  former  painful  labor  has 
become  highly  productive ;  and  that  the  years  which  they 
had  counted  lost  are  restored  again  Avith  an  unexpected  in- 
crease. 

Experience  is  more  reliable  than  theory ;  and  the  practi- 
cal success  of  a  particular  method  is  of  more  value  than 
any  explanation  of  the  philosophy  by  which  that  success 
is  gained.  Yet  the  seductiveness  of  brief  forms,  attained  at 
no  matter  how  much  sacrifice  of  simplicity  or  legibility,  is 
so  great,  that  those  with  but  little  experience  are  very  likely 
to  be  deceived.  There  is  something  fascinating  in  the  beau- 
tiful devices  for  contraction,  that  leads  the  student  forward 
step  by  step  ;  and  he  is  unwilling  to  leave  anything  unlearned 
that  the  science  renders  possible.  So  far  as  this  is  a  mere 
matter  of  taste,  so  far  as  it  is  a  passion  for  science,  it 
is  to  be  praised ;  but,  if  the  student  memorizes  a  greater 
number  of  details  than  he  can  command  readily,  they  bur- 
den the  mind,  hinder  speed  iu  writing,  and  finally  lead  to 
disgust  and  failure.  Modes  of  contraction  that  seem  very 
easy  to  the  enthusiastic  student,  when  his  mind  is  engrossed 
by  the  science,  become  far  more  difficult  to  employ  when 
the  distracting  cares  of  business  or  other  studies  occupy  the 
attention.  But  he  is  not  likely  to  understand  this  at  the 
time ;  and  when,  in  later  years,  experience  teaches  him  his 
wror,  it  is  too  late  for  him  to  rectify  his  mistake  :   he  must 


24  INTRODUCTION. 

abandon  a  stylo  too  cumbersome  to  be  endured,  and  has^ 
too  frequently,  no  leisure  to  master  a  simpler.  If  those  who 
have  made  the  experiment  with  Phonography  will  testify 
to  their  experience,  as  lai-ge  numbers  have  already  done, 
they  will  save  many  young  persons  from  such  a  waste  of 
time  and  effort ;  but  we  ask  no  testimony  of  those  who 
have  used  the  art  but  a  short  time,  and  are  still  bewildered 
by  its  deceptive  promises. 

We  have  felt  it  a  duty  to  offer  this  word  of  caution,  not 
merely  to  guard  the  inexperienced  against  the  old  forms  of 
the  art,  but  also  to  warn  the  siudent  against  attempting  the 
reporting  style  of  Tachygraphy,  without  first  counting  the 
cost,  and  considering  carefully  the  probability  of  its  being 
as  well  adapted  to  his  purpose  as  the  simplest  style.  While 
the  reporting  style  of  Tachygraphy  is  much  more  easily 
acquired,  and  much  more  legible,  than  Phonography,  yet  it 
should  not  be  attempted  by  those  who  are  not  prepared  to 
make  its  use  their  principal  business,  at  least  for  a  term  of 
years. 

Students  iu  academies  and  colleges  who  contenij)latc  an 
extended  cotirse  of  education  may  master  the  Short  Course 
to  advantage,  for  the  purpose  of  taking  more  accurate 
notes  of  the  lectures  of  their  proposed  courses  of  study.  But, 
when  fairly  engaged  in  their  professions,  they  will  be  quite 
likely  to  drop  all  contractions,  and  write  the  art  in  its  siu< 
plest  form. 

There  is  one  other  caution,  that  we  would  make  so  em- 
phatic, if  possible,  that  no  student  of  the  art  should  ever 
forget  it.  It  is  this :  On  no  account  attempt  to  write  tito 
styles  of  the  art.  Any  one  that  should  attempt  to  preserve 
his  knowledge  of  Phonography  while  cultivating  Tachygra- 
phy would  most  certainly  fail.  Let  the  decision  made  in 
favor  of  the  style  used  be  decisive. 


THE  LOVE  OF  THE  BEAUTIFUL.  25 

The  same  caution  applies  to  the  effort  to  write  a  more  or 
less  contracted  style  of  the  same  system.  It  cannot  he  done, 
except  at  a  great  sacrifice  of  facility  in  hoth  styles.  Teach- 
ers are  sometimes  compelled  to  do  this  to  accommodate  theii 
writing  to  pupils  of  different  degrees  of  proficiency  ;  but 
(hey  must  be  content  with  a  comparatively  low  rate  of 
speed. 

These  suggestions  are  offered  to  those  who  wish  to  make 
the  art  useful.  If  any  cultivate  it  for  amusement,  and 
speculate  in  different  styles  from  a  love  of  variety,  we  trust 
they  vvill  accept  the  result  of  their  choice,  without  making 
us  responsible  for  their  success  in  acquiring  skill  in  rapid 
writing.  We  would  not  discourage  an  appeal,  on  the. part 
of  the  teachers  of  Tachygi-aphy,  to  that  love  of  the  beautiful, 
which  must  always  be  an  attractive  charm,  winning  more 
to  the  culture  of  the  art  than  even  its  great  and  acknowl- 
edged utility  cau  do.  This  love  ought  to  be  encouraged  as 
an  ennobling  influence,  leading  the  mind  to  an  appreciation 
of  all  true  art,  and  through  this  to  divine  excellence.  But 
let  that  appeal  be  made  to  the  greater  beauty  mingling  with 
the  severe  simplicity  of  the  fuller  forms  of  the  art,  rather 
than  to  those  accidental  devices  which  break  the  true  har- 
mony of  the  science.  Educate  the  taste  uutil  irregular 
forms  .shall  be  offensive. 


FOREIGN   LANGUAGES. 

The  alphabet  of  Tachygraphy  was  arranged  with  espectxl 
reference  to  its  application  to  foreign  languages.  Some 
adaptation  will  be  necessary  to  make  it  as  useful  in  German, 
French,  and  other  European  languages,  as  in  our  own  ;  but 
this  was  originally  designed,  and  provision  was  made  for 
Buch  additions  as  would  be  necessary,  so  thai   the  harmony 

3 


26  INTRODUCTION. 

of  the  sysiem  might  remain  when  it  should  be  adopted  by 
other  nations. 

The  best  systems  of  short-hand  have  heretofore  appeared 
in  the  English  language.  Nearly  all  the  true  principles  of 
the  science  would  seem  to  be  of  English  discovery  and 
development.  And  yet,  with  all  their  rudeness,  the  German 
systems  seem  to  have  been  more  generally  employed,  on 
account  of  their  greater  simplicity.  It  is  hoped  that  the 
introduction  of  Tachygraphy  will  show  that  those  who  use 
the  English  language  are  not  only  able  to  discover  the  true 
principles  of  the  science,  but  to  apply  them  successfully  to 
practical  use. 

Let  it  be  known  that  there  is  but  one  science  of  brief 
writing  for  all  nations,  as  there  is  but  one  science  of  math- 
ematics, one  true  philosophy  of  human  liberty,  one  true 
religion,  and  one  God,  and  the  general  introduction  of  that 
system  which  best  embodies  the  science,  will  pave  the  way 
for  that  universal  language  which  must  yet  bind  into  closer 
relations  the  whole  family  of  man. 


PRELIMINARY    DIRECTIONS. 


WEITING-M  ATERI AL3 . 

A  steel  pen  is  the  best  iustrimient  for  writing  short-hand. 
Some  gold  pens  will  answer  ;  but  they  are  not  apt  to  be  stiff 
enough  for  this  use. 

As  a  reporter  is  sometimes  compelled  to  use  a  pencil, 
soine  practice  in  this  way  is  necessary  ;  but,  when  a  pencil 
is  used,  it  is  necessary  to  have  unsized  paper. 

MANNER    OF    HOLDING    THE    PEN. 

In  the  common  writing,  the  principal  strokes  are  back- 
ward, while  in  Tachygraphy  they  are  mostly  inclined  foi- 
ward.  Tills  renders  a  change  in  the  manner  of  holding  the 
pen  desirable. 

The  pen,  when  writing  Tachygraphy,  should  be  held  be- 
tween the  first  and  second  fingers.  It  should  be  steadied  by 
the  thumb  as  it  is  when  held  in  the  usual  way. 

Tachygraphy  may  be  written  on  either  ruled  or  unruled 
paper  by  the  experienced  writer  ;  out  the  learner  will  find 
it  convenient  to  have  ruled  paper  in  his  earlier  exercises, 
for  the  same  reason  that  ruled  paper  is  convenient  in  leaiii' 
iag  tc  write  in  the  common  way. 

27 


28  PEELIMINAKY  DIRECTIONS. 


EXPLANATION   OF  TERMS. 

Vocals.  —  The  short-hand  letters  which  represent  the 
sounds  of  vowels  are  called  vocals,  or  vocal  signs. 

Consonantals.  —  Those  representing  consonant  sounds 
are  called  consonantals. 

Outline  ;  "Word-form.  —  The  form  a  word  assumes  when 
written  with  the  short-hand  characters. 

Tachtgrapht  (pronounced  ta-Jcig'ra-fy) .  —  Greek  ra^vs 
(<ac/iMs) ,  rapid  ;  and  Yguq>^  (grrop/te),  writing,  —  rapid  writ- 
ing. 

Phonograpett  (fo-nog'ra-fy).  —  Greek  (pwvi^  (^pJione), 
wound,  or  voice  ;  and  ygoccp^,  writing,  —  the  writing  of  the 
younds  of  the  human  voice.  The  word  phonography  is  gen- 
erally used  to  designate  the  system  of  short-hand  writing 
invented  by  Mr.  Isaac  Pitman,  of  England.  It  is,  however, 
sometimes  used  in  a  more  extended  sense,  for  any  kind  of 
character  that  assumes  to  express  the  elements  of  spoken 
language. 

Calligraphy  (ka-lig'ra-fy).  —  Greek  xcxlhyqucplu  (Jcalli- 
graphia),  fine  or  beautiful  writing. 

Phonetic  or  Phonic.  —  Greek  cpojv/i  (phone),  voice, — 
pertaining  to  the  expression  of  the  sounds  of  the  voice  in 
language.  A  phonetic  system  of  writing  is  one  which  ex- 
presses the  sounds  of  the  language.  All  the  languages  of 
Europe,  and  most  of  the  languages  of  Asia,  as  well  as  the 
English  language,  of  the  present,  and  the  Latin,  Greek, 
Hebrew,  and  Sanscrit,  of  the  past,  are  written  phonetically. 
The  ancient  languages  are  written  with  great  phonetic  pre- 
cision ;  but  some  modern  languages  have  departed,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent,  from  this  basis. 

Phonetics.  —  The  science  which  treats  of  the  phonic  rep- 
resentation of  lan&ruaire. 


ELEMENTS  OF  TACHYGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE    ORIGIN    OF   THE   BRIEF    LETTERS. 

1.  In  reconstructing  our  written  characters,  the  first 
problem  to  be  solved  is,  On  what  principle  shall  we 
select  briefer  and  better  letters  ? 

It  would  not  do  to  attempt  to  abbreviate  our  present 
writing  by  Oiuitting  a  part  of  each  letter  ;  for  this  would 
result  in  confusion  and  illegibility. 

2.  If,  for  instance,  we  should  attempt  to  shorten  the 
letter  m  by  omitting  the  last  angle,  we  should  make  the 
letter  n  ;  and  if  we  abbreviate  n  in  the  same  manner,  we 
make  i,  a  mere  undotted  i. 

This  process  would  not  do  with  any  of  the  letters  ;  and 
yet  it  is  impossible  that  we  should  continue  to  make,  as 
we  do  now,  four  or  more  strokes  of  the  pen  for  each 
letter,  if  one  stroke  can  be  made  to  answer  the  same 
purpose. 

3.  But  there  is  another  method  of  abbreviating  the 
old  letters,  viz.,  by  omitting  the  strokes  that  unite  them 
together.  Thus,  instead  of  ^<2/»  ^j  ^,  ^,  &c.,  we  could 
write  «,  /,  c  c/,  &c.     But  we  should  not  gain  in  ease  of 

3*  29 


30  THE   OEIGIN   OF  THE   BEIHF  LETTERS. 

writing  by  this  ;  for  this  is  the  way  the  ancients  wrote : 
and  we  have  found  that  we  can  write  faster  by  joining 
the  letters  together,  even  if  we  use  more  strokes  in  writ- 
ing.  So  we  will  not  attempt  to  go  back  to  a  style  that 
was  abandoned  several  iiundred  years  ago. 

4.  We  shall  have  to  lay  the  old  letters  aside  ;  but 
what  kind  of  letters  shall  w^e  employ  in  their  place  ?  It 
takes  time  and  labor  to  make  marks  with  a  pen  :  so  we 
must  get  brief  and  easy  signs.  Besides,  letters  must  be 
joined  to  one  another  in  many  ways.  They  must  be, 
then,  regular  lines,  so  that  a  boy  or  girl  that  has  studied 
geometry  can  tell  just  the  angle  that  any  two  letters 
would  make  when  joined.  In  this  way,  we  shall  have  a 
science^  a  mathematical  science. 

We  will  take  the  simplest  regular  characters.  1. 
Straight  lines.  2.  Curved  lines.  3.  Brief  dashes.  4. 
Dots. 

STRAIGHT   LINES    AND    CURVES. 

5.  We  must  be  careful  to  keep  a  sufficient  difference 
between  the  letters.  Suppose  we  take  four  light  lines 
like  these  \  [/',  and  four  heavy  ones  in  the  same  direc- 
tion _\l/«     This  gives  us  eight  very  simple  letters. 

6.  We  will  now  make  curved  lines,  of  the  quarter  of 
a  circle,  in  the  same  directions  as  the  straight  lines  above. 
We  can  curve  them  either  way.  In  the  direction  of — , 
we  have  -^  and  ^^  ;  in  the  direction  of  \,  '^  and  V_ ; 
m  the  direction  of  |,  )  and  ( ;  in  the  direction  of  /. 
^  and  y. 

7.  In  this  way  we  get  eight  more  letters  formed 
with  light  characters;    and  can  make  eight  more  by 


HALF-CIRCLES,    DASHES,    AND   DOTS.  3J 

Qiuking  heavy  letters  corresponding  to  them,  thus  ;  ^ 

^)(  ^and> 

Remark.  —  These  signs  may  be  obtained  by  dividing  a  circle 
into  quarters,  by  liorizoutal  and  perpendicular  lines;  and  again  by 
transverse  lines,  thus,  X- 

8.  In  this  way  we  get  twenty-four  letters,  each  made 
of  a  single  straight  or  curved  luio.  They  have  a  posi- 
tive, fixed  direction,  and  regular  form  :  so  that  we  can 
always  know  just  what  the  angle  will  be  when  they  are 
joined  together,  or  whether  they  join  without  making  an 
angle. 

half-circi.es,  dashes,  and  dots. 

9.  The  old  stenographers  made  large  Jialf-cirdcs,  in- 
stead of  quarter-circles,  for  their  large  letters.  This  was 
inconvenient.  But  semicircles,  when  very  small,  are 
convenient  and  distinctive.  We  will  make  them  only 
about  one-fifth  the  size  of  the  lines  and  curves  selected 
in  paragraphs  5-7. 

By  dividing  a  circle  horizontally  and  perpendicularly, 
we  get  n  u  c  3  heavy,  and  r>  u  c  d  light,  —  eight. 
Now  let  us  take  short  strokes,  only  one-fifth  as  long  as 
before  given,  and  in  the  same  directions,  and  we  get 
-  N  «  /  heavy,  and  -  s  i  •  light,  —  eight  more. 

10.  There  remain,  of  the  simple  characters  chosen, 
only  the  dots.  They  are  less  useful  tlian  any  of  the 
others,  because  they  cannot  be  joined  in  writing.  We  are 
more  plagued  in  our  old  writing  by  the  necessity  ol 
dotting  the  i  and  j,  and  crossing  the  t,  than  by  the  almost 
interminable  m.  But  we  will  venture  to  take  two  dols, 
a  heavy  dot  and  a  light  one  [.  and  .J. 


S2  ACKNOWJ.EDGED   PEINCIPLEa. 

Note.  —  The  use  of  the  signs  given  above,  in  place  of  the  old 
letters,  is  not  only  theoretically  plausible,  but  has  proved  to  be 
practically  successful.  They  have  formed  the  foundation  of  most 
of  the  systems  of  short-hand  that  have  appeared  during  the  19tli 
century  in  England  and  America.  There  is  no  question  now, 
among  intelligent  students  of  the  art,  as  to  the  elementary  signs 
that  must  form  the  basis  of  a  practicable  system  of  brief  writing 
All  respectable  modern  writers  on  the  subject  accept  the  use  of 
quarter-circles,  and  right  lines  (distinguished  by  direction),  and 
dashes,  dots,  and  semicircles,  as  the  only  proper  and  feasible 
letters  to  be  used  in  brief  writing. 

There  remains,  however,  a  difference  of  opinion  between  modem 
writers  concerning  the  particular  sound  or  sounds  which  each  new 
letter,  or  group  of  letters,  should  represent.  So  far,  then,  we  have 
followed  principles  developed  by  previous  writers,  —  principles 
that  have  been  eliminated  slowly  by  the  experience  of  centuries. 

These  principles  have  been  fully  acknowledged  only  in  English 
and  American  systems.  The  alphabets  used  in  most  parts  of  the 
old  world  are  founded  upon  either  shortened  forms  of  the  old  long- 
liand  alphabets,  or  abbreviated  characters  chosen  without  any  mani- 
fest method.  Tlic  characters  employed,  whether  simple  or  complex, 
straight  lines  or  curves,  seem  to  be  used  witlout  any  definite  matho 
inatical  uniformity  either  of  size,  curvature,  or  direction.  This  was 
the  case  also  with  the  English  systems  previous  to  the  nineteenth 
century ;  and  there  remain  to  ti:e  present  day  remnants  of  these  old 
alphabetic  schemes,  some  of  which  are  still  urged  upon  the  public. 

But  there  is  no  reason  to  fear  that  the  course  of  progress  in  the 
art  will  be  changed.  Only  those  ignorant  of  the  science  will  care 
to  go  back  to  the  systemless  alphabets  of  former  days.  The  work 
done  in  the  Phonography  of  Mr.  Pitman  will  continue  to  bear  fruit 
iu  the  beauty  and  symplicity  of  its  alphabetic  characters.  The  art 
bas  at  last  a  scientific  basis,  and  whatever  changes  may  liereafter 
occur  in  details,  its  foundation  stones,  we  trust,  will  never  again  be 
removed. 


CHAPTER  II. 

THE   SOUNDS   TO    BE    RErRESENTED. 

11.  Letters  represent  the  elements  of  speech,  and 
there  should  be  a  letter  to  represent  each  elementary 
sound  in  the  lan2uaoi;e.  This  is  not  the  case  with  our 
present  orthography.  We  have  only  twenty-six  letters 
to  represent  thirty-six  elements.* 

Thi'ee  letters,  c,  q,  and  a:,  represent  sounds  for  Avhich 
we  have  other  representatives  :  c  sounds  like  k,  s,  or  sh  ; 
q  like  k;  and  x  like  ks  or  gz.  This  leaves  only  twenty- 
three  letters  for  thirty-six  sounds. 

12.  The  thirteen  sounds  for  which  we  have  no  letters, 
in  the  old  orthography  are  expressed,  — 

1st,  By  giving  each  of  the  vowels,  a,  g,  i,  o,  and*M, 
more  than  one  sound  each  ;  as,  for  instance,  a  in  aZe,  ally 
at  and  arm;  o  m  ore,  o?i,  and  done,  &c. 

2d,  By  making  digraphs,  such  as  th,  sh,  ch,  ng,  which 
express,  when  combined,  sounds  entirely  different  from 
what  they  express  singly. 

3d,  By  appropriating  a  letter  tliat  generally  expresses 
one  definite  sound  to  another  sound,  either  allied  to  it  or 
wholly  dissimilar  ;  as  in  the  case  of  s,  which  is  used  for 
2  and  for  a  sound  heard  in  azure,  that  has  no  proper  let- 
ter of  its  own. 

*  We  can  easily  make  more  than  thirty-six  sounds  by  counting  every 
▼arioty;  but  we  only  wish  here  to  illustrate  the  general  principles  of  pure 
phonics,  without  entering  into  details.  Orthoepists  differ  widely  in  their 
estimate  of  the  number  of  sounds  in  our  language;  but  those  thatocunt 
the  least  make  the  number  thirty-six. 


34  THE  NEW  LETTEKS  APPLIED. 

NUMRKK    OF    THE    CONSONANTAL   SOUNDS. 

13.  We  cannot  pause  here  to  enter  into  the  mattei 
fully  ;  but  a  little  examination  will  show  that  we  have 
twenty-four  consonantal  sounds,  represented  in  our  or- 
dinary writing  by  h,  d,  /,  g,  h,  j,  k,  Z,  m,  n,  p,  r,  s,  f, 
V,  w,  2/,  z,  ch,  sh,  th  (in  thy),  th  (in  thin),  ng,  and 
one  that  has  no  letter,  and  no  combination  of  letters  ap- 
propriate peculiarly  to  it ;  viz.,  that  written  with  a  2  in 
azure,  and  with  an  s  in  pleasure. 

NUMBER    OF    THE  VOWEL-SOUNDS. 

14.  Here  we  may  find  more  difficulty  ;  for  some  vowel- 
sounds  are  not  clearly  distinguished  in  our  ordinary 
conversation,  so  that  they  become  obscure.  So,  to  sim- 
plify the  matter,  we  will  omit  all  obscure  sounds,  and 
take  only  those  that  every  one  can  distinguish  without 
difficulty. 

15.  We  have  a,  e,  o,  long,  and  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  short ;  a 
as  mfar,  and  another  a  mfall;  oo  in  moon;  u  in  full ; 
0  in  or  ;  ai  in  air  ;  and  the  diphthongal  sounds  i  and  w 
long,  oi  and  ow^  —  eighteen  in  all. 


CHAPTER  HI. 

THE   NEW   LETTERS    APPLIED. 

16.  We  have  found  (6,  7,  8)  twenty-four  straigh" 
lines,  and  curves  of  the  quarter  of  a  circle,  and  (13) 
twenty-four  consonantal  sounds.     We  have  also  (9,  10) 


SMALL  LETTERS  FOR   VOCALS.  35 

uifrhteen  small  half-circles,  dashes,  and  dots,  and  eighteen 
vocal  sounds. 

17.  It  is  quite  appropriate  to  lionor  the  consonantal 
sounds  with  full-sized  characters,  because  the  consonants 
are  the  principal  elements  in  words.  Vowels  give  the 
different  shades  of  meaning  which  the  same  root-word 
assumes;  but  the  consonant  forms  the  enduring  and  im 
portant  part  of  the  word. 

18.  Besides  this,  it  would  be  very  awkward  to  mix 
up  these  signs,  representing  some  consonants  by  full- 
length  characters,  and  others  by  small  signs  ;  for  the 
difference  between  a  vowel-sound  and  a  consonant-sound 
is  very  great,  and  should  be  distinctly  marked  in  an  ac- 
curate system  of  writing. 

19.  We  have,  then,  just  enough  large  signs  to  repre- 
sent the  consonant-sounds,  and  just  enough  small  signs 
to  represent  the  vocal  sounds.  We  have  a  very  good 
reason,  besides  the  fact  that  the  numbers  correspond,  for 
preferring  the  large  signs  for  the  principal  elements  in 
the  word,  and  the  small  signs  for  the  vocal  elements 
CIT,  18). 

20.  So  far,  we  find  very  beautiful  results  and  easy 
progress.  The  simplest  strokes  possible  —  liyies,  curves^ 
dashes,  and  dots  —  can  be  so  arranged  as  to  furnish  all  the 
signs  we  need.  They  are  so  brief  and  beautiful,  that  it 
is  a  wonder  that  our  wise  ancestors  ever  thought  of  using 
any  others  in  their  writing.  But  to  what  individual 
sound  shall  we  wed  each  individual  sign  ?  Shall  we  make 
a  perpendicular  or  inclined  or  horizontal  sign  for  b? 
Shall  it  be  light,  or  heavy?  Shall  it  be  curved,  or 
straight  ?    We  have  only  determined  to  take  the  twenty- 


86  LETTERS  PAIRED. 

four  full-sized  characters  first  introduced  for  tbe  conso- 
nantal signs,  and  the  eighteen  small  letters  for  the  vocal 
signs ;  but  we  see  no  reason  yet  for  preferring  one  of 
these  signs  to  another  for  any  given  sound. 

21.  Remark.  —  If  we  can  find  no  principle  to  guide  us  here,  we 
may  experiment  in  vain.  If  we  should  ring  all  the  changes  pos- 
sible by  the  laws  of  permutation  on  only  twenty-four  characters, 
we  might  make  more  than  six  hundred  and  twenty  sextillions  of 
alphabets,  each  differing  by  one  letter  from  the  other ;  while  if  a 
wider  selection  of  letters  is  made,  with  no  more  regard  for  principle 
than  some  writers  have  had,  the  permutation,  based  on  foriy  or 
fifty  signs,  instead  of  twenty-four,  would  yield  a  number  of  possi- 
ble alphabets  many  billions  of  billions  of  times  greater  than  the 
number  above  stated. 

22.  And,  if  any  one  is  anxious  to  press  these  possibilities  further 
he  should  consider  that  each  alphabet  may  form  the  basis  of  many 
conflicting  systems,  as  is  shown  in  the  so-called  phonography,  and 
the  previous  systems  of  stenography ;  so  that  an  alphabet  built 
solely  on  experiment  is  impossible  :  for  all  mankind  might  make 
alphabets,  during  all  the  ages  of  the  world,  and  each  make  a  thousand 
alphabets,  without  exhausting  the  possibUUies  of  improvement. 
The  famous  Labyrinth  of  ancient  Crete,  with  its  "  thousand  halls 
and  thousand  winding  ways,"  was  not  at  all  comparable  to  such  an 
endless  confusion  as  would  result  from  the  effort  to  establish  an 
alphabet  on  a  purely  empirical  basis. 

Let  us,  then,  see  what  principles,  if  any,  we  can  find  to  guide  u» 
tl  trough  this  labyrinth  of  labyrinths. 

LETTERS  PAIRED. 

23,  We  find,  first,  that  most  of  the  consonant-sounda 
may  be  arranged  into  pairs  of  two  letters,  which  are 
formed  by  the  same  organs,  and  differ  only  in  being  more 
or  less  vocal.  Thus,  b  and  p  are  formed  by  the  lips  in 
the  same  position;  lut  b   is  more  vocal   than  p.     So 


CONSIDERATIONS   IN   ITS   FAVOR.  37 

d  and  t,  g  and  ^,  v  and  /,  &c.,  may  be   paired  in  a 
similar  manner. 

Now,  we  find  it  natural  to  represent  each  of  these 
vocal  sounds  5,  d^  g^  v,  &c.,  by  heavy  signs ;  and  each 
of  the  whispered  or  aspirate  sounds  by  light  signs. 

24.  This  principle  has  many  considerations  in  its  favor. 
If  similar  sounds  are  represented  by  similar  signs,  there 
is  less  danger  of  mistake  in  reading  ;  for  if  a  jp  is  read 
for  a  b,  or  a  t  for  a  d,  the  sense  would  be  clear.  Mr. 
Isaac  Pitman,  author  of  Phonography,  has  illustrated 
this  principle  by  the  following  sentence :  JBut/  wisdom 
and  get  knowledge^  and  prize  them  as  the  greatest  treasure. 
The  short-hand  letters  for  6,  £?,  g,  s  (in  prize),  th,  &c., 
would  be  heavy ;  but  if  a  careless  writer  should  make 
them  all  light,  making  a  mistake  in  every  word,  the  sen- 
tence would  read,  J^ug  wistom  ant  Icet  knowletch,  and 
price  them  as  (s)  the  Greatest  treashiire,  which  sounds  a 
little  Teutonic,  but  is  perfectly  intelligible. 

So  this  method  of  pairing  the  characters  and  the 
sounds  of  the  letters  enables  us  to  use  sio-ns  diffei'ing 
only  in  the  thickness  or  shading  of  the  stroke,  without 
danger  of  illegibility. 

25.  It  will  be  seen  that  we  have  given  the  shaded  or 
heavy  sign  to  the  most  audible  sound.  This  is  because 
a  light  stroke  is  more  easily  made  than  a  heavy  one ; 
and  the  whispered  sounds  are  of  more  frequent  occur- 
rence than  the  rougher  sounds :  so  that,  by  making  this 
arrangement,  we  represent  the  most  frequently-occui'ring 
Bounds  by  the  letters  which  are  made  the  most  easily. 

Note.  —  Some  persons,  ignorant  of  the  practice  of  the   art, 
have  thought  that  the  use  of  shaded  letters  might  be  avoided. 
'4 

449481 


S8  LINEAXITY  OF  WRITING. 

But,  before  tins  st.bject  can  be  considered,  we  must  discover 
twelve  other  letters,  simpler  and  more  feasible.  The  experience 
of  many  thousands  of  persons,  of  all  grades  of  talent  and  skill, 
has  demonstrated  the  practicability  of  this  arrangement.  All  the 
systems  of  Phonography  are  built  on  this  basis. 

26.  In  this  way,  order  begins  to  emerge  from  the 
chaos  that  confronted  us. 

It  will  be  seen,  by  considering  tlie  nature  of  the  sounds 
further,  that  six  of  them,  b,  p^  g,  k,  cZ,  and  f,  are  s|)oken 
abruptly  ;  while  tiie  sounds  of  others,  such  as  v,  /,  z,  s, 
&c.,  may  be  drawn  out,  or  continued  at  pleasure.  So 
it  seems  quite  natural  to  give  the  straight  signs  to 
these  abrupt  sounds,  and  the  curves  to  those  more 
flowing. 

There  are  other  reasons  for  this  arrangement  that  can- 
not be  explained  without  a  further  knowledge  of  the 
principles  of  the  art,  and  we  must  leave  them  to  be  dis- 
cussed elsewhere. 


LTNEALITY    OF   WRITING. 

27.  But  we  observe,  further,  that  some  of  our  new 
letters  |  |  )  )  (  (  \\  V_^  ^  ^  ^^"  ^^  '^^^*  struck 
downward ;  and  facility  in  writing  demands  that  they 
should  be  joined  together  in  writing.  If,  then,  it  should 
happen  that  the  sounds  occurring  most  frequently  were 
represented  by  letters  running  downward,  we  should  get 
very  unmanageable  word-forms.  Suppose,  for  instance, 
we  should  make  |  stand  for  d,  and  other  letters  as  fol- 
lows, I  ^  \  ^,  \  2^1  / h  )  ^'  )  ^'  ^^">  ^"^  should  then 
try  to  join  these  letters  into  such  a  word  as  "  disad- 


SUMMARY   OF   PRINCIPLES.  39 

eantageous.''  Omitting  the  vowels,  we  should  have 
I  This  would  never  do.  It  would  run  down  so  far  as 
[  to  hinder  the  writing  of  the  next  line.  Besides, 
^-i  if  it  were  found  that  certain  sounds  recurred  in  the- 
)  language  much  more  frequently  than  other  sounds 
we  could  avoid  this  difficulty  by  giving  the  hor 
rizontal  signs  to  the  most  frequently-recurring  sounds  ; 
for  the  horizontals  might  run  on  across  the  page  without 
causing  any  difficulty.  Now,  it  is  found  that  the  sounds 
of  c?,  t,  z,  s,  and  n,  occur  more  frequently  than  any 
others.  By  giving  these  sounds  the  horizontal  signs 
and  ^>-^,  we  can  write  disadvantageous 
thus 


28.  We  have  one  more  grand  principle.  Certain 
sounds  are  made  chiefly  with  the  lips,  and  are  called 
labials;  others  are  made  chiefly  with  the  palate,  and 
are  called  palatals;  and  others  with  the  tongue  and 
teeth,  and  are  called  lingua-dentals. 

The  law  of  analogy  leads  us  to  class  sounds  made  by 
the  same  organs  together:  so  we  write  the  labials  by 
perpendicular  signs,  palatals  by  slanting  signs,  and 
lingua-dentals  by  horizontal  signs. 


SUMMARY    OF   PRINCIPLES. 

29.  We  have,  then,  three  great  laws  upon  which  to 
arrange  the  full-leno-th  strokes:  — 

(a.)  Analogy  between  the  sounds  and  signs,  leading 
U3  to  give  to  sounds  differing  only  in  a  greater  or 
less  vocality  signs  differing  only  in  shading,  and  to  give 


40  ANOMALIES. 

sounds  marie  with  the  same  organs  signs  in  the  same 
direction. 

(5.)  A  law  of  harmony^  by  which  abrupt  sounds 
have  signs  equally  unbending,  and  more  flowing  sounds 
more  flexible  sio-ns. 

(c.)  A  regard  to  lineality.  We  gain  linealitj  and 
facility  of  writing  by  giving  those  groups  of  sounds  that 
occur  most  frequently  horizontal  signs.  This  last  fea- 
ture alone  is  pe-^.uliar  to  this  system.  The  principles 
mentioned  in  a  and  h  are  found  also  in  the  various  sys- 
tems of  Phonography. 

APPLICATION    OF    PRINCIPLES. 

30.  Applying  the  above  principles,  we  find  most  of 
the  new  letters  fall  very  naturally  into  their  places  as 
follows :  — 

I  I  \\  —  ))^^^ 

hpghdtvfz     s     n,  &c. 

ANOMALIES. 

81.  But  still  some  perplexing  questions  occur  ;  for  no 
science  falls  so  completely  into  order  and  harmony  as  to 
render  human  ingenuity  useless.  We  have  three  letters, 
h,  10^  and  ?/,  that  seem  to  be  scarcely  consonants  at  all,  and 
deserve  separate  treatment.  We  have  four  letters,  w,  w, 
/,  and  r,  that  cannot  be  paired,  as  b  and  p  are,  with  any 
other  sounds  in  the  language ;  then  we  have  the  nonde- 
script sound  ngy  and  the  semi-compound  c/i,  and  y,  all  of 
which  anomalies  demand  attention.  But  these  littln 
difficulties  are  easily  reduced  to  some  assignable  limits 


SIGNS  FOll  THE    VOG.^L  SOUNDS.  ll 

We  have  a  frame-work,  and  must  leave  the  student  to 
fill  up  the  outline  for  himself,  or  consult  the  alphabet 
for  further  particulars. 

SIGNS    FOR   THE   VOCAL   SOUNDS. 

32.  We  have  assigned  the  small  signs  given  in  para- 
graphs 9,  10  to  the  vocal  sounds.  It  remains  that 
we  assign  particular  classes  of  these  signs  to  particular 
classes  of  sounds. 

We  shall  be  obliged  to  treat  of  this  matter  briefl}'',  and 
shall  mention  such  distinctions  only  as  are  made  use  of 
in  forming  the  alphabet. 

Vocal  sounds  are  either, 

(1)  Long  or  Short ; 

(2)  Labial  or  Palatal ; 

(3)  Simple  or  Diphthongal. 

33.  Long  sounds  are  represented  by  heavy  or  shaded 
signs ;  and  the  short  sounds  corresponding  to  them  by 
the  analoo;ous  lio-ht  signs.  And  here  it  should  be  ol> 
served  that  the  short  sound  most  resemblino;  e  long  is 
not  e  short,  but  i  short ;  and  the  sound  of  a  long  short- 
ened approximates  more  nearly  to  that  of  e  short  in  ebb 
than  to  that  of  a  short  in  abb. 

34.  The  sounds  represented  by  the  light  vocal  signs 
must  not  be  considered  as  differing  only  in  quantity 
from  those  represented  by  the  corresponding  heavy 
signs  J  for  there  is  also  a  slight  difference  in  quality. 

PALATAL   VOWELS. 

35.  Vocal  sounds,  as  well  as  consonantal,  may  be 
classed  with  reference  to  the  organs  principally  used  in 

4* 


42  DIPHTHONGS. 

uttering  them.  Those  formed  in  the  back  part  of  the 
mouth,  caWed  palatals,  or  gutturals,  are  the  long  sounds 
heard  in  eve,  ale,  are,  and  air ;  and  the  corresponding 
short  sounds  heard  in  it,  ebb,  add.  These  we  have  rep- 
resented by  the  semicircular  and  dot  signs  ^  c  .  v  n  .  u 
36.  Those  vocal  sounds  formed  near  the  front  part  of 
the  mouth  by  the  use  of  the  lips,  called  labials,  are  heard 
in  the  words  ooze,  ore,  all,  foot,  up,  on.  They  are  rep- 
resented by  the  dash  signs  -  i  • ,  -  ^    y , 


DIPHTHONGS. 

37.  The  long  sounds  of  i  and  u  are  considered  diph- 
thongal, and  are  represented  by  the  diamond  points  v 
and  A   respectively. 

The  open  diphthongs  oi  and  oiv  are  written  by  the 
union  of  the  signs  of  their  component  parts.  Thus,  oi 
is  composed  of  /  and  f^,  and  is  written  r  or  v  ;  and 
WW  is  composed  of  ^  and  -,  and  is  written  ^  or  x  ;  the 
direction  of  the  second  stroke  beino;  chancred  to  make  a 
more  acute  angle. 

We  add,  on  the  following  page,  a  complete  alphabet 
of  all  the  new  letters,  with  the  sounds  they  represent. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


DIRECTIONS    FOR   PRACTtCE. 


38.  Having,  then,  an  alphabet  of  the  simplest  chaiac 
ters,  the  next  step  is  to  learn  to  use  them  with  freedom 
and  grace,  as  we  do  the  old  letters.  It  is  first  necessary 
to  commit  them  to  memory,  so  as  to  form  them  with 
ease,  and  read,  them  at  sight. 

39.  This  can  be  done  best  by  writing  the  letters  in 
pairs,  commencing  with  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ^  &c.,  repeat- 
ing them  twenty  to  thirty  times.  Take  care  to  make 
them  exactly  perpendicular  and  of  the  proper  length,  — 
one-sixth  of  an  inch.  Make  them  of  an  even  thickness 
throughout,  of  equal  length,  and  parallel  to  each   other. 

40.  It  will  be  well  to  speak  the  sound  as  you  make 
the  letter  that  represents  it.  This  will  enable  you  to 
associate  the  letter  with  its  proper  sound. 

41.  Do  not  attempt  to  learn  the  whole  alphabet  at 
once,  but  master  two  letters  at  a  time. 

After  learning  |  |,  add  \\,  observing  their  direc- 
tion as  before.  Then  proceed  in  a  similar  manner  with 
,  as  follows : 

EXERCISE    ON    THE  STRAIGHT   SIGNS. 

42.  &,p|  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  l,&c.,  repeated 
throughout  the  line. 

9-,  k  WWW  WWW  ^^-i  repeated  through- 
out the  line. 


44 

I    I  I 

2 

3  w 

4  --  ' 

5  )) 

6  (  ( 


^■'li'^j 


t/z  („  <,  (- 


I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I   III  IIIM 

wwwww 

)))) )))))))))) 

( (  ((  U  ((  ua( 


8  ^-^ 

-V.  ^SVX 

^■^^-^^^^^^^ 

9_  >_ 

-_^  ^^-^^^ 

^^^^  ^  ^ 

10  r  J 

r  t^^y 

/^y  rjrj  r  J  rj 

11  /-  / 

^  )  ^^-y 

^^^  //J^^^/// 

12  ,_^  ^- 

c^^^  .^  C^^^  O-  <- 

c^^c^^^c^c^'^ 

1 3  ^'  .y 

^"^  ^^^  ^ 

^^^^^^^^^y 

;4   e  ^ 

^^  y^^v^ 

C.     C_    O     <L    c     c        C    c      C   C    C  c 

r5  ^. 

^^\y- 

i6^  .  , 

r^-^^J 

OAO      rCr,A>P^AATj 

i7  -- 

1^3  u),^ 

•  1     «^  — 

18  . .   ,  , 

V  U~v_X.U 

VV\v\\     »l>l\\    N\     \   \ 

19  /_ 

^    ^^_  ^^--— 

1  1  1 1  1  '    1  /     ^  ^^  ^  ^    1 1  ^ 

g@          V       A      ^     ^ 

l^  ^^~.  _^  ^ 

vv    V    VV"\^V"    A>\/V^ 

^   1        f^    -/  A-  ^ 

^_^._^.^^ 

l^   ^     1^   y]    w^     ^—    * ^  «^   « 

KEY   TO   PAGE   U.  45 

Proceed  in  the  same  way  with  Do,  Te,  Ja,  Clia, 
filling  a  line  of  your  note-book  with  each  pair.  Re- 
peat the  same  process  many  times,  varying  the  drill 
by  repeating'  the  letters  in  the  order  of  the  House 
that  Jack  Built. 

KEY   TO   TAGE   44. 
THE    ALPHABET, METHOD    OF    DRILL. 

KEY   WORDS. 

liay,  pay,  babe,  pap,  bib,  pip. 

Add,  at,  did,  dead. 

Gay,  ache,  gag,  gig,  cake,  kick. 

Age,  each,  jig,  chick. 

Eve,  view,  fee,  five,  fife. 

Azure,  rouge,  she,  show,  shoe. 

Oose,  owes,  see,  say. 

The,  they,  oath,  thaw,  thy. 

Nay,  an,  thing. 

Me,  aim,  hiy,  lee,  eel. 

Ray,  air,  are,  oar,  dare. 

Way,  woe,  why,  whey. 

Hav,  ho,  yea,  you. 

Ape,  aid,  air,  fade,  fair. 

At,  are,  back,  far. 

Eat,  egg,  it,  ill. 

Food,  fool,  foot,  full,  boon. 

Bow,  bone,  coat,  cut,  but. 

Caught,  cot,  or,  on. 

Buy,  ice,  die,  dew. 

Coin,  noise,  how. 

DRILL    ON    THE    CURVED    SIGNS. 

43.  After  mastering  *the  straight  letters,  proceed 
in  :i  siuiilar  manner  with  the  curves,  observing  that 


LETTERS. 

1. 

Be,  Pe. 

2. 

De,  Te. 

3. 

Ga,  Ka. 

4. 

Ja,  Cha. 

5, 

Ve,  Ef. 

6, 

Zhe,  Ish. 

7. 

Ze,  Es. 

8. 

The,  Ith. 

9, 

En,  Ing. 

10, 

Em,  EI. 

11. 

Eav,  Ar, 

12. 

Wa,  Wha, 

13. 

Ha,  Ya. 

14. 

A,  Ai. 

15, 

At,  Ah, 

IG, 

E,  Et,  It, 

17. 

Oo,  oot. 

18. 

0  ut,  0  ut, 

19. 

Au.  ot,  or. 

20, 

I,  U. 

21. 

Oi,  Ow. 

n,ii 


46 

2 


JlliMM 


^t  I(t 


^^  o^  c^  c^  ^  .^  <y^  o^. 


fif  I 


^ 


o^     c^ 


^ 


Ol 


i  1 1 


^3 
w  ^  V  I  --V  -->  -^  ~^^^'3. 1,  u  v^ 


KEY   TO    DRILLS    1,  2,  AND   3.  47 

the  heavy  curves  are  sliaded  only  in  the  middle  and 
taper  towards  each  end.  Take  up  the  Ye,  Ef,  Zhe, 
Ish,  Ze,  Es,  and  The,  Ith,  which  are  paired  in  the 
same  way  as  the  letters  given  in  the  preceding  sec- 
tion. 

RE:\rARK.  ■ — The  sigss  for  The  and  Ith  are  reversed  and  named 
Tha,  Atli ;  but  The  and  Tha  liavc  the  same  sounds,  as  also  have 
Ith  and  Ath. 

DRILL    NO.   1.  A    AND    E    LONG. 

1.  Bay,  pay,  gay,  kay,  clay,  lay,  jay,  chay,  vay,  fay, 
zay,  say,  they,  tha.     Bee,  pee,  gee,  kee,  dee,  tee,  etc. 

2.  Bay  bee,  pay  pee,  gay  gee,  kay  kee,  day  dee,  etc, 

3.  May,  nay,  lay,  ray,  way,  whey,  hay,  yea,  mee,  uee, 
lee,  ree,  wee,  whee,  hee,  yee. 

4.  Mee  may,  uee  nay,  lee  lay,  roe  ray,  wee  way,  etc. 

DRILL    NO.   2.  OO,    O,    AND    AU. 

1.  Boo  poo,  goo  koo,  doo  too,  joo  choo,  voo  foo,  shoo 
ZOO,  soo  thoo,  thoo.  Bo  po,  go  ko,  do  to,  jo  cho,  etc. 
Bail  pail,  gau  kau,  dau  tau,  jau  chau,  van  fan,  etc. 

2.  Boo  bo  bail,  poo  po  pan,  goo  go  gau,  koo  ko  kau, 
doo  do  dau,  too  to  tau,  joo  jo  jau,  choo  cho  chau,  voo  vo 
vau,  foo  fo  fau,  shoo  sho  shau,  soo  so  sau,  etc. 

DRILL    NO.   3.  1,    OI,    EU,    AND    OU. 

1.  Bi  pi,  di  ti,  gi  ki,  ji  chi,  vi  fi,  zhi  shi,  zi,  si,  thi,  thi, 
mi  ni,  U  ri,  wi  why. 

2.  Boy  poy,  doy  to}',  goy  koy,  joy  choy,  voy  foy,  zoy 
soy,  noy  loy,  roy  hoy. 

3.  Bu  pu,  gu  ku,  du  tu,  ju  chu,  vii  fu,  shu  zu,  su  thu, 
mu  lui,  hi  ru   hii. 

4.  Bou  pou,  gou  kou,  dou  ton,  vou  shou,  sou  thou, 
mou  uoii,  lou  rou,  hou. 


48  THE    SOUNDS    OF   THE   LETTERS. 

Remark  1.  —  The  method  of  drill  ^vhich  should  bo  follo-\ved 
persistently  and  until  the  letters  and  combinations  can  be  Avritten 
"With  the  most  perfect  facilit}'  is  given  on  pages  44,  4G,  and  the 
following.  The  success  of  the  student  and  his  rapid  pi-ogress 
"will  depend  largely  upon  the  use  of  these  drills.  They  should  be 
repeated  day  after  day  for  a  month  or  more. 

Remark  2.  —  For  illustrations  of  the  sounds  of  the  letters  see 
key  words  on  page  44,  also  the  Chart  Manual. 

44..  The  sounds  of  Be,  Pe,  De,  Te,  Ve,  Ef,  and 
Ze,  Es,  correspond  to  the  sounds  of  the  same  letters 
in  the  common  alphal^et  and  need  no  special  com- 
ment. Ga  has  always  a  hard  sound,  as  heard  in  go. 
The  soft  sound  of  g,  as  heard  in  gem,  is  written  with 
Ja.  Cha  has  always  the  sound  heard  in  each.  Ka 
represents  the  hard  c,  as  in  the  word  come.  The  and 
Ith  have  the  sounds  heard  in  the  Avords  though  and 
oath,  which  differ  as  the  sound  of  d  in  dough  difiers 
from  the  sound  of  t  in  toe. 

45.  The  Zhe  has  no  corresponding  letter  in  the 
old  alphabet.  The  letters  En  and  Ing,  though 
paired,  do  not  have  the  same  relation  to  one  another 
that  tlie  other  paired  letters  do,  but  are  made  with  a 
different  position  of  the  organs  of  speech.  Em,  En, 
El,  and  Ar,  are  known  as  liquids,  and  comprise  in 
themselves  both  the  heavy  and  light  varieties  of 
sound.  Ya,  Wa,  Wha,  and  Ha,  are  connecting 
links    between   the    vocal    and    consonantal   sounds. 

46.  The  diamond  points  may  be  formed  of  lines 
curving  outward  when  necessary  in  joining.  The 
sign  for  long  o  is  made  perpendicular  before  and 
after  De  and  Te  and  wherever  a  better  angle  is  in 
this  way  secured.     See  examples  on  page  46, 


WKITING  EXERCISES  1,  2,  AND  3.  49 


WRITING    EXERCISE    1, 

I  go  up.  You  do  SO.  She  is  at  tea.  He  is  to  go. 
They  may  go  too.  It  is  easy  to  do  so.  Is  ease  the  aiiu? 
We  may  go  to  the  Zoo  to-day.  You  are  iu  the  right  wa\". 
We  may  be  up  to  see  you.  —  48  words. 

WRITING    EXERCISE    2. 

I  saw  the  boy  on  the  way  to  the  Zoo.  He  said  lie  saw 
an  ape  eat  a  nut.  You  can  go  with  me  if  you  wish  to  go. 
Let  us  aim  high.  Joe  said  he  met  a  Jew  on  the  way.  I 
will  take  Sue  or  Joe  with  me  to  see  the  ha}'.  The  tide  is 
high  in  the  bay  to  day.     We  are  now  at  tea.  —  67  Avords. 

WRITING    EXERCISE    3. 

They  mow  and  rake  the  hay,  and  put  it  upon  tlie  mow. 
I  will  go  and  hoe  the  row  with  Tom  and  Joe.  We  can 
take  a  ride  if  you  like  in  a  gig  or  chaise.  Did  he  say  he 
had  a  cane?  No,  he  did  not  say  so  ;  but  I  saw  it  on  the 
rug  in  the  back  room.  The  pond  on  the  liill  has  a  thick 
sheet  of  ice  on  it.  Let  him  put  the  wood  in  the  shed. 
Will  she  cook  the  egg  ?  How  will  she  cook  it  ?  She  will 
boil  it.  —  95  words. 

47.  Long  a,  which  was  invariable  in  the  old 
editions  of  the  elements,  is  now  distinguished  hy 
size,  and  may  turn  into  the  position  of  short  a,  so 
that  a  coni^ecting  stroke  is  not  necessary. 

Remark.  —  A  connecting  stroke  can  be  used  with  the  .sliort  e ; 
but  as  tliis  vocal  can  be  omitted  freely,  it  is  better  to  disjoin  it 
where  it  does  not  join  easily.  In  this  way  the  couuecting  stroive 
is  avoided  and  now  seklom  appears. 

48.  A  few  of  the  most  common  words  of  one 
consonant  letter  omit  the  vowel  in  practice. 

Remark.  —  Whether  this  omission  of  vowels  should  begin  ear- 
lier or  later  iu  the  course  is  a  matter  that  eacii  teacher  may  be 
left  to  determine  for  him  or  her  self.  Tlie  vowel  is  omitted  in 
the  words  the,  to,  may,  he,  be,  but,  uj),  is,  so,  on,  aiuj,  that,  v;hen. 


r|>pfrii[t 


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2.11  1  ili  -xw-x^sX  ^  u-  ^  :^^  .-- 
-    ^    0    ^_.X,/—  X,-.    ^   ..--.. 


DUILLS   NOS.    i   AND   5.  51 

WRITING    EXERCISE   4. 

1 .  Now  it  is  eas}'  to  Avrite  Be,  Pe,  De,  To  by  the  liour, 
or  by  the  day,  if  you  say  so.  You  now  know  how  to 
weigh  the  pshaw!  of  him  who  has  no  higher  aim.  Lie 
not  here  in  ease  !  No,  the  issue  is  on  liigh.  Yea,  on  tli ; 
heiglit  is  hope.  I  hear  her  say  :  Up!  up!  up!  my  boy. 
All  is  ease  is  joy  on  high.  All  you  sigh  to  see  is  here. 
—  hrre  to  b3  had  l)y  all,  by  you.  We  can  all  go.  Can 
we  ride?  We  can  lide  if  we  wish.  Tom  has  a  gig;  so 
we  can  all  ride.  — 106  words. 

DUILL    NO.   4.  SHORT    AT,    ET,    AND    IT. 

1.  Ab,  ap,  ag,  alv,  ad,  at,  aj,  aeh,  av,  af,  ath,  ath, 
az,  as,  azh,  ash,  an,  ang,  am,  al,  ar.  P^b,  cp,  eg,  ek,  etc. 
lb,  ip,  ig,  ik.  id,  it,  iv,  if,  ith,  ?7/i,  iz,  is,  in,  ing,  etc. 

2.  Ab  eb  ib,  ap  ep  ip,  ag  eg  ig,  ak  ek  ik,  ad  ed  id,  etc. 

DRILL    NO.  5. SHOUT    GOT,    OT,    AND    UT. 

1.  Oob  oop,  cog  ook,  oozh  oosh,  ooth  ooth,  ooz  oos, 
con  oong,  oom,  ool,  oor.  Ub  up,  ug  uk,  ud  ut,  uj  uch,  etc. 
Ob  o^),  og  ok,  od  ot,  oj,  och,  ov  of,  ozh  osh,  oth,  etc. 

2.  Oob  ub  ob,  oop  up  op,  oog  ug  og,  ook  uk  ok,  etc. 

AVRITINfJ    EXEIiCISE    .5. 

1.  The  dog  has  a  lame  leg.  A  man  hit  him  with  a 
whip  and  made  him  whine.  Tlie  man  had  on  a  white  hat. 
Is  he  not  a  b  id  man  to  whip  a  poor  dog  that  has  not  done 
any  harm  ? 

2.  He  is  a  fine  lad,  but  he  is  shy.  When  he  saw  me 
he  went  off  and  hid  in  the  shed.  He  is  odd,  but  I  like 
him.  I  wish  I  had  my  gun.  It  is  shut  up  in  the  shed  so 
that  I  cannot  get  it. 

3.  The  man  is  a  good  man.  I  like  him  much.  He  came 
home  in  the  ship,  and  his  wife  came  with  him.  — 110  words. 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE    JOINING    or    MEDIAL    VOCALS. 

49.  Most  of  the  curved  vocals  are  variable,  turn- 
ing round  from  their  alphabetic  position  in  their  own 
natural  direction  ;  they  also  form  hooks  on  the  ends 
of  the  consonants  in  some  cases.  Short  e  and  ai 
are  invariable,  and  never  form  hooks,  and  the  a  in 
far  is  not  hooked,  as  now  used.  Short  a  and  i  are 
written  with  small  hooks,  and  long  a  and  e  with 
larger  hooks,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  preceding  and 
following  exercises  :  — 

Remark  1. — In  the  words  part,  hard,  etc,  the  small  hook 
may  be  used  for  ah  in  order  to  avoid  tlie  obtuse  angle;  but  in 
baric,  park,  and  most  other  cases  it  is  better  to  disjoin  the  vocal. 
It  will  be  seen  that  if  the  hook  were  used  in  hark  it  miglit  be 
read  harrack.  The  habit  of  distinguisliing  the  vocals  b}-  size 
may  be  easily  learned,  but  the  pupil's  attention  should  l)e  directed 
especially  to  it.  It  is  a  good  practice  to  drill  on  tliem  in  pairs, 
large  and  small,  as  given  in  Drills  10  and  11,  and  in  Writing 
Exercise  8. 

Remark  2.  —  In  a  similar  way  all  distinctions  sliould  he  mas- 
tered. Write  alternately  all  signs  that  are  contrasted  so  as  to 
impress  tlie  difference  on  the  mind,  and  to  form  the  hal)it  of 
making  it  without  thought. 

Remark  3.  — Remember  that  in  Takigrafy  the  l^nowledge  of 
principles,  though  important,  is  of  little  avail  without  the  forma- 
tion of  correct  habits  of  writing,  and  that  correct  hal)its  can  be 
formed  only  by  frequent  repetition  of  tlie  same  thing  until  it 
can  be  executed  without  thought. 

Remark  4. — In  the  following  drills  only  syllables  of  infre- 
quent occurrence  are  given,  and  those  in  Avhicli  the  vocal  is  dis- 
joined are  omitted.  Some  syllables  in  wliich  the  vocals  are 
disjoined  are  given  in  Drill  No.  9. 

52 


Writing  icxekcises  g  and  7.  53 

Eior.vnic  5.  —  In  Drill  No.  8,  observe  tli.at  short  i  in  the  revised 
alphabet  is  formed  l)y  dividing  the  circle  by  a  i)erpendicnlar  lin<-. 
From  this  position  it  may  be  turned  forward  to  the  rii^ht  and  is 
made  into  a  liook  "whenever  it  is  convenient  to  do  so. 

WRITING    EXERCISE  6. 

1.  The  j:iy  is  a  fine  bird,  but  it  cannot  sing  so  well  as 
the  lark.  Hark  !  1  hear  a  bee  hum.  If  we  touch  him  he 
may  hurt  us.  I  see  him  iiow  on  a  leaf.  He  can  keep  on 
the  wing  as  long  as  a  bird.  When  the  sun  is  down  he 
will  go  to  his  hive,  for  he  knows  the  way  to  the  hive. 

2.  Do  you  like  to  catch  fish?  I  do  if  the  air  is  calm. 
Fish  will  not  bite  so  well  when  there  is  a  high  wind.  They 
cannot  see  the  bait  if  the  pond  is  too  rough. 

3.  Tom  says  we  may  go  into  the  barn  and  see  the 
lamb,  the  calf,  and  the  goat.  We  can  see  them  feed  at 
noon  or  at  night.  When  they  go  into  the  field  they  eat 
hay.  The  lamb  will  soon  become  a  sheep,  and  the  calf  a 
cow.  — 150  words. 

WRITING    EXERCISE  7. 

1.  IVo  men  got  off  the  boat  just  now.  I  saw  the  men 
each  with  an  oar  in  his  hand  ;  but  they  put  down  the  oar, 
for  they  do  not  wish  to  go  now.  They  will  wait  till  the 
tide  is  up.  They  also  wish  for  more  light.  The  moon 
does  not  give  enough  light  for  them. 

2.  They  made  a  barrack  of  bark.  Fishes  are  caught 
in  a  net.  Write  har  and  barrel,  par  and  parry  ;  but  do 
not  use  the  hook  in  bar  and  jjar,  though  you  may  do  so  in 
barrel  and  poTry. 

3.  For  right  is  right  while  God  is  God, 

And  right  the  day  shall  win  ; 

A  want  of  faith  is  want  of  heart, 

And  doubt  is  death  and  sin. 

4.  To  do  to  all  men  as  we  would 

That  they  should  do  to  us, 
Is  always  right  and  just  and  good. 
Go,  sou,  and  do  thou  thus. 

—  148  words, 


54 


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8 


DIULLS   C,   7,   AND  8.  55 

DRILL    NO.   6.  —  SHOUT    A    MEDIAL. 

1.  Bap,  back,  bat,  baf,  bash,  hnth,  ban,  ])ang,  l)al, 
bar.  Cap,  gag,  cat,  caf,  cath,  can,  cal,  car.  Tack,  tat,  tap, 
taf,  tas,  ta//i,  tani,  tan,  tal,  tar.  Fap,  fag,  fan,  fang,  fal. 
Sliab,  shag,  shad,  shaf,  sap,  sack,  sat,  saf,  sash,  san, 
sang.     Map,  mack,  mat,  maf,  mash,  mai/i,  mal,  mar. 

2.  Nap,  nack,  nat,  naf,  uash,  nas,  nath,  nam,  nan, 
nal,  nar.  Lap,  lack,  hit,  hif,  lash,  las,  \afh,  lam,  Ian.  lal, 
lar.  Rap,  rack,  rat,  raf,  rash,  ras,  vath,  rr.m,  ran,  ral, 
rar.  Hap,  hack,  hat,  haf,  hasli,  lias,  hath,  liain,  hang, 
hal,  har. 

DRILL    NO.   7.  —  SHORT    E    :\IEI)IAL. 

1.  Beck,  bet,  bef,  bes,  bem,  bell,  ber.  Keg,  get,  ges. 
Deck,  cled,  des,  def/i,  dem,  der.  Feb,  fed,  fer,  fel,  fern, 
Ves.  Mek,  mot,  mes,  meth,  mem,  Vxier.  Reck,  ret,  ref, 
rem,  rel.     Wed,  wes,  wetfi.     Head,  hes,  he^/i,  hem,  her. 

DRILL    NO.   8.  —  SHOUT    I    MEDIAL. 

1.  Bib,  b'g,  bid,  bish,  bin,  bil.  Kip,  kick,  give,  kill. 
Dip,  di'k,  did,  dif,  din,  dil.  Fib,  fig,  fit,  fid,  fin,  fill. 
Ship,  shift,  sip,  sick,  sit,  sif,  sin,  sil. 

2.  Lip,  lick,  lit,  lif,  lis,  Ut'i,  liii.  Til,  lir.  Rip,  rick, 
rid,  rif,  r'Uh,  rin,  ring,  rill.  Hip,  hick,  hit,  his,  hill.  Wick, 
wit,  with,  win,  will,  whip,  whig,  whit,  whif,  wliiz,  whim. 
Chip,  chick,  chit,  chiz,  chill.     Jig,  jim,  jin,  gill. 

WRITING    EXERCISE  8. 

1.  He  did  the  deed.  They  seek  aid  for  the  sick.  They 
dip  it  into  the  deep  sea.  I  did  not  say  heel,  but  liill.  Yo  i 
should  write  weal,  not  will ;  seal,  not  sill.  The}'  may 
take  that  meal  l)ack  to  the  mill.  She  will  sift  the  meal 
with  a  sieve.  The  baker  will  bake  the  cake  and  take  it 
back  to  the  man  that  bought  i'.  The  cat  can  kill  and  eat 
a  rat.  The  lamb  is  lame.  The  man  will  get  a  can  and  a 
cane.  He  has  bought  a  calf  and  put  it  into  the  cave.  They 
pave  the  highway  and  mnke  a  good  road.  The  wretch  sat 
on  the  ed_4e  of  the  ledge,  and  said  he  would  pitc-h  the 
wedge  into  the  ditch.  The  dog  ran  to  the  log  and  got  upon 
it.  —  13G  words. 


56  BillE        io,     9 

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DASH   VOCALS.  57 

DRILL   NO.  9. — DISJOINED   VOCALS. 

1.  Badge,  batch,  patch,  catch,  match,  kxtch.  edge, 
sedge,  ledge,  wedge,  hedge,  fetch,  wretch,  rich,  pitch, 
ditch,  witch,  hitch,  teach,  beach,  peach,  leach,  base,  [)ays, 
vase,  phase,  chaise,  essays,  assays. 

2.  Ben,  pen,  ken,  den,  ten,  fen,  men,  wren,  wen,  hen. 
Dim,  vim,  limb,  rim,  him,  wliim,  web,  wept,  kept,  left, 
recked,  elect. 

DUILL    NO.    10.  CONTRASTED    IIOUKS. 

1.  Dip  deep,  did  deed,  chip  cheap,  sick  seek,  wick 
week,  whit  wheat.  Pip  peep,  kip  keep,  kin  keen,  kill 
keel,  pill  peel,  sieve  receive,  hid  heed. 

2.  Bal)  babe,  ba^A  bathe,  ban  bane,  gat  gate,  gag 
cake,  calf  cave,  gat  gate,  dazzle  days,  gas  gaze,  lass  lays, 
lamb  lame,  raze  haze. 

DRILL  NO.  11. —CONTRASTED  VOCALS. 

1.  Beat  bet  bit,  peat  pet  pit,  read  red  rid,  heed  head 
hid,  wheat  whet  whit,  geese  guess  kiss,  leaf  left  lift. 

2.  Take  tack,  sake  sack,  dane  daunt,  taint  taunt,  rave 
raft,  lave  laugh,  lake  lack,  lathe  lath,  vain  vaunt 

DASH    VOCALS. 

50.  The  horizontal  dashes  arc  invarial)le,  but  the 
other  dashes  may  be  varied  in  joining.  All  dashes 
must  make  a  distinct  angle  with  the  letter  to  whicli 
they  are  joined.  When  they  do  not  make  an  angle 
they  are  disjoined. 

51.  A  disjoined  vocal  is  placed  on  the  left  of  the 
inclined  letters,  and  above  the  horizontal  when  they 
precede,  and  on  the  right  and  below  Avhen  they 
follow.  When  the  vocal  occurs  between  two  con- 
sonants, it  is  placed  near  the  latter  in  closed  syllables, 
and  ■with  the  former  in  open  .syllables. 

Rkmark.  —  Syllables  eiuliiiii  in  a  vowel  are  open,  syllables 
endiiin:  with  a  consonant  are  closed.  The  first  syllable  of  hnttu)i 
is  close,  but  the  first  syllable  of  bemitij  is  open. 


58 


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2   L:  U.'    C^V^-Tl 


WRITING  EXERCISE  9.  59 

DRILL    NO.    12. — SIIOKT   O. 

1.  Bob,  bog,  both,  bomb,  bon,  boll.  Cob,  cog,  got, 
cot,  con,  col,  col,  cor.  Top,  tog,  dock,  tos.s,  doll.  tor. 
Job,  cliop,  jog.  jol,  jor.  jon.  Fob,  fop,  fog,  fon,  fol,  fol, 
for,  for.  Shop,  shock,  shod,  sop,  sock,  sot,  song.  Mob, 
mock,  moth,  moll.     Not,  uom,  lot,  lop,  loss,  rod,  wad. 

DRILL    NO.    13.  LONG    O. 

1.  Pope,  poke,  boat,  both,  bone,  bole,  cope,  cove, 
comb,  cone,  coal,  dove,  tone,  shown,  shoal,  soaji,  sowed, 
sows,  sonl,  soar.     Mope,  moan,  known,  lone. 

2.  Poach,  poem,  port.  coat,  coach,  dote,  dose,  tome, 
tole,  vote,  foes,  foam,  shore,  mode,  mote,  more,  note, 
gnome,  load,  loathe,  loam,  lore,  wrote,  rose,  roam,  hope, 
hoes,  home,  hone,  hole. 

DRILL    NO.    li. AV    AND    OO. 

1.  Pawn,  cause,  call  taught,  wrought  tall,  fawn,  fall, 
sawn,  thought,  maul,  loss,  booth,  boom,  boon,  pool, 
poor,  coop,  cooth,  goose,  cool,  fool,  loom,  loop,  loon. 

2.  Bought,  boss,  shawl,  gone,  daub,  saught,  soot,  coot, 
coon,  tool,  tooth,  tour,  food,  soon,  mood,  moot,  moose, 
moon,  moor,  noon,  noose. 

"WRITING    EXERCISE    9. 

1.  He  will  go  in  a  boat  to  catch  fish.  lie  will  not 
need  a  rod  and  pole.  The  child  may  run  and  romp,  roll 
the  hoop,  and  bat  the  ball,  upon  the  lawn.  The  moon 
will  shine  all  night,  and  give  light  upon  the  field  and  the 
wood.  You  may  write  a  note  for  Bob,  and  call  John  to 
t.Mke  it  to  town.  The  soil  is  a  soft  red  loam.  The  fool 
hah  said  in  his  heart,  ''There  is  no  God."  He  gave 
them  much  food  for  thought.  There  is  room  at  the  top. 
Ho  bought  a  job  lot  of  tools  at  auction.  Fourteen  days 
make  one  fortnight  "With  a  pen  of  iron  he  wrote  his 
name  on  the  solid  rock.  Behold  I  set  before  thee  an 
open  door.  The  billows  tossed  the  foam  upon  the  shore. 
It  is  naught,  it  is  naught,  saith  the  buyer  ;  but  when  he  is 
gone  his  way  then  he  boasteth.  — •  15G  words. 


60 


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CHAPTER  VI. 

CONSONANT   JOININGS. 

52.  When  the  consonant  letters  join  without  an 
intermediate  vocal,  the  joining  is  directed  hy  the 
well-known  principles  of  geometric  science  As 
every  consonant  has  a  definite  direction,  whether 
straight  or  curved,  the  joining  makes  angles  of  a 
fixed  character;  or  is  without  angle.  The  following 
cases  occur  :  — 

a.     The  joining  of  the  straight  letters. 

6.     The  joining  of  the  straight  and  curved  letters. 

c.     The  joining  of  curves. 

See  drills  A,  B,  C,  on  the  preceding  page. 

53.  1.  When  straight  lines  unite  with  curves, 
if  the  curve  faces  the  angle,  the  angle  is  o])literated  in 
most  cases ;  obtuse  angles  always,  and  right  angles 
generally.  Only  acute  angles  resist  this  elision  of 
the  angle.  When,  however,  the  back  of  the  curve 
is  toward  the  angle,  the  angle  remains  unimpaired. 

2.  Facinof  curves  unite  without  an  angle  if  the 
angle  formed  by  the  general  direction  of  the  letters  is 
either  right  or  acute  ;  if  olitruse  an  angle  is  formed. 

3.  Opposing  curves  make  angles  in  all  cases, 
except  when  in  the  same  general  direction.  In  this 
case  they  unite  without  angle.  Facing  curves  in  the 
same  direction  make  anoles. 

o 
Remark,  — The  joiuiiigs  of  the  consonant  letters  should  be 
mastered  by  means  of  careful  and  persistent  drilluiic  until  the 
two  letters  can  be  made  as  readily  as  one.  Every  indi\idual 
combination  should  l)e  written  a  hundred  times,  if  necessary  to 
freedom  of  motion.  A  single  line  of  either  of  tlie  al)ove  drills 
is  sufficient  for  the  work  of  a  day  in  drilling. 
Gl 


02  POSITION  OF  OUTLINES. 

54.  The  character  made  hy  the  uniting  of  the 
letters  into  a  word-form  is  called  the  outline  if 
unvocalized,  and  the  word-form  Avhen  vocalized. 
This  word-form  or  outline  is  placed  on  the  line  in 
accordance  with  the  following  rules  :  — 

(1.)  The  tirst  perpendicular  or  inclined  consonant 
stroke  in  a  word-form  rests  upon  the  line  of  writing, 
and  the  preceding  or  following  letters  follow  their 
own  natural  direction,  and  accommodate  themselves 
to  the  leading  letters. 

(2.)  Outlines  containing  only  horizontal  con- 
sonants are  written  near  the  line. 

Kemark  1.  — The  consonant  stroke  rests  on  the  line;  if  a 
vocal  follow  it  will  run  below  if  written  downward. 

Rem.vrk  2.  —  If  tlio  first  inclined  letter  is  an  np-stroke  it  will 
commence  on  tlie  line. 

Remark  3.  —  Wliere  several  horizontal  strokes  pi'ecede  tlie 
first  inclined  or  perpendicular  sti'oke,  all  these  liorizontal  letters 
will  be  written  above  the  line,  if  tlie  leading  letter  is  written 
downward  ;  but  if  tlie  leading  letter  be  written  upwards,  tliey 
will  l)e  written  on  tlie  line. 

Kemakk  4. — If  tlie  paper  used  be  unruled  the  same  princi- 
ples will  apply,  for,  in  this  case,  there  is  always  a  line  under- 
stood in  the  mind  of  the  writer.  The  writing  must  lie  arranged 
witli  reference  to  the  line,  just  the  same  as  though  the  line  ap- 
peared on  the  paper. 

Remark  5.  — For  examples,  see,  on  page  64,  the  first  two  lines. 
These  outlines  are  not  given  in  their  briefer  form,  but  literally, 
for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  position  of  the  outlines.  All 
the  reading  exercises  and  outlines  also  illustrate  the  rules  given 
in  this  paragraph. 


WRITING  EXEKCISES  10  AND  11.  63 

WRITING    EXERCISE    10. 

1.  There  is  a  large  mirror  iu  the  parlor,  and  a  fine 
piece  of  coral  on  the  shelf.  The  tide  never  rises  higher 
than  it  is  now.  A  minoi-  is  of  less  age  than  twenty-one 
years.  The  major  will  fire  the  cannon  as  a  salute  on  the 
day  of  election.  He  said  his  rejection  should  not  lead  to 
dejection,  for  his  defeat  was  caused  b}'  a  defection  or  fac- 
tion. They  were  led  to  rely  upon  fiction.  His  mission 
w-as  one  of  peace,  and  a  benison  to  the  public.  I  will 
direct  him  to  take  the  organ  in  the  wagon  and  go  to  the 
cabin  at  the  foot  of  the  hill.  Put  the  water  in  an  earthen 
vessel  until  to-morrow  morning.  Shadows  lengthen  in  the 
afternoon,  as  the  sun  goes  down  ;  so  in  the  twilight  of 
knowledge  tlie  shadows  of  the  mighty  men  of  former  ages 
ai'c  longer,  but  in  a  time  of  research  and  mental  activity 
these  shadows  shorten  and  often  disappear.  — 162  words. 

"WRITING    EXERCISE    11. 

1.  The  potato  and  tomato  are  esculent,  but  it  is  well 
to  put  an  embargo  on  tobacco.  The  tornado  is  a  mighty 
wind  moving  in  a  rotary  motion.  A  torpedo  may  be  at- 
tached to  a  vessel,  and  in  time  of  war  is  fatal  to  shipping. 

2.  His  espousal  of  our  cause  was  in  coherent  language, 
and  we  cannot  doubt  his  sanity.  His  loyalty  is  undoubted, 
and  not  a  moiety  has  been  said  in  his  favor  that  might 
well  have  been  written.  Purity  with  some  men  is  a  non- 
entity, a  vacuity.  A  cavity  is  an  empty  void.  His  piety 
is  not  bigotry,  and  he  is  bounteous  though  lenient. 

3.  He  will  gain  a  competency  by  his  labor.  He  appre- 
ciated the  delicacy  of  the  situation.  Antimony  is  a  min- 
eral. JNIatrimony  should  always  be  voluntary.  She  may 
well  deserve  an  honorary  title  for  her  literary  labor.  He 
took  an  inventory  of  his  estate  in  the  ordinary  manner.  — 
152  words. 


64 


i^N 


--^^^XZ? 


luKincs  ^^ 


^^\y^ 


J  0 


L. 


^X_^^— J 


-^  r-"- 


y  ^ 


'< 


->~^ 


■^  ^X-^^ 


^^^ 


WORD   SIGNS.  65 

See  Outlines  B,  page  64, 

Aud,  have,  in,  ye,  wlio,  how,  which,  will,  could,  would, 
should,  what,  had,  head,  hath,  him,  any,  now,  new,  as, 
has,  his,  does,  tliis,  these,  said,  says,  some,  sou,  then, 
men,  cue,  ouce,  etc. 

READING     EXERCISE    4.  —  PARTIAL    KEY. 

This  is  the  house  that  Jack  built.  This  is  the  malt  that 
lay  in  the  house  that  Jack  built.  This  is  the  rat  that  ate 
the  malt  that  lay  iu  the  house  that  Jack  built.  This  is  the 
cat  that  killed  the  rat,  etc. 

Remark.  —  In  this  exercise,  there  arc  three  Avorcl.s  in  Avliieh 
compound  si,a:ns  occur.  For  tlieir  use,  see  the  following  chap- 
ter. The  hook  in  each  of  these  word-forms  adds  the  sound  of 
the  letter  r  to  the  alphabetic  letter. 

VOWEL   OMISSIONS. 

55.     Rule  1.  —  Omit  all  ()l)scuie  vowels. 

Remark  1.  —  The  vowel  is  never  obscure  in  words  of  one 
syllable,  nor  iu  accented  syllables  in  long  words ;  but  in  unac- 
cented syllables  the  vowel  is  generally  obscure. 

Remark  2.  —  The  final  syllables  al  el  en  er  ier  ar  iar  on  ion  rir 
in  most  cases  contain  obscure  vowels. 

Remark  3.  — The  termination  il  is  generally  vocalized. 

Rule  2. — Omit  unaccented  vowels  that  do  not 
readily  join  in  the  outline,  though  they  may  not  be 
wholly  obscure. 

Remark  1.  —  All  accented  vowels  are  to  be  written;  but  there 
is  but  one  accented  vowel  in  words  of  two  and  three  syllables, 
and  only  two  in  words  of  four,  and  five,  and  more,  syllables  :  so 
the  numl)er  of  lyiaccentcd  syllatiles  far  exceeds  the  number  of 
accented  syllables,  aud  more  vowels  arc  omitted  than  are  written. 

Remark  2.  — If  the  vowel  is  long  and  strong  though  not  ac- 
cented, it  must  be  written;  but  in  words  like  furnish,  varnish, 
rul)bish,  etc.,  the  vowel  in  the  last  syllable  is  omitted,  being  suf- 
ficiently implied  in  the  name  of  tlie  letter  Ish. 


66         0uKincs  go^     1 


2.  U:r  ^  -;7  Vj  xi^ 


luHiiies  Mk    2 


KEY  TO  OUTLINES  NOS.   1  AND  2.  07 

KEY    TO    OL'TLINKS    NO.    1. 

1.  Barrel,  parlor,  coral,  terror,  mirror,  river,  niver, 
ladder,  matter,  major,  minor,  rumor,  tumor,  razor,  better, 
bitter,  lighter,  louder,  older,  bolder,  molder,  wilder, 
milder,  piston,  canon,  piuion,  ocean,  action,  faction,  man- 
sion, oration,  omission,  rejection,  direction,  ovation,  com- 
pendious, imposing,  reformatory. 

2.  Peril,  civil,  agile,  facile,  reptile,  missal,  rigid,  medi- 
cine, orison,  reckon,  organ,  ribbon,  robbin,  lincoln, 
lengthen,  leathern. 

3.  Patent,  ancient,  vacant,  raiment,  gimlet,  target,  car- 
pet, turbid. 

4.  Racy,  tard}',  monkey,  valle}',  bony,  merry,  empty, 
lobby,  levy,  ague,  tissue,  borrow,  meadow,  fellow,  peer- 
age, voyage,  marriage,  reputation,  occupation,  repetition. 

5.  Painted,  torrid,  gifted,  fetid,  vapid,  gilded,  rapid, 
wicked,  orbit,  morbid. 

KEY    TO    OUTLINES    NO.   2. 

1.  Potato,  tomato,  tobacco,  sirocco,  embargo,  octavo, 
pagoda,  idea,  incarnate,  coherent,  inherent,  composite, 
dictator,  baptismal,  espousal,  vehement,  amazement,  com- 
mandment, rectify,  fortify,  ritual. 

2.  Loyalty,  moiety,  l)ot;iny,  purity,  balcony,  deputy-, 
dignity,  piety,  poes}',  pedantry,  usury,  watery,  bounteous, 
lenient,  radiant. 

3.  Fortunate,  various,  serious,  bachelor,  epicure,  rene- 
gade, rilial'h'y,  regicide,  plenitude,  dialogue,  lunatic, 
negative,  almanac,  mnrital,  medium,  codicil,  natural,  bar- 
l)ecue,  ridicule,  residue,  c  'Ionize,  porcupine,  genuine, 
gormandize,  womanish,  heathenish,  juvenile,  parapet, 
duteous,  regalia,  molasses. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

CONSONANTAL  DIPHTHONGS. 

56.  In  rude  and  uncultivated  languages  we  find 
generally  an  excess  of  vocalization.  Every  conso- 
nant has  its  vowel,  sometimes  more  than  one.  Culti- 
vated nations  abbreviate  their  speech  and  fVequently 
blend  two  or  more  consonants  together  without  an 
intervening  vowel.  The  words  blow  and  belo2o  have 
the  same  consonants  in  the  same  order,  as  also  have 
the  words  blend  and  Belinda,  grant  and  guarantee. 
It  is  desirable  to  indicate  this  union  of  consonant 
sounds  by  some  sign  that  shall  indicate  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  vowel. 

57.  The  letters  that  blend  with  others  in  the  be- 
ginniaig  of  syllables  are  to,  I,  r,  and  s,  and  in  the  end 
of  syllables  r,  I,  and  s,  so  we  have  three  principal 
series  of  these  compounds  ;  the  r  series,  the  I  series, 
and  the  s  series  ;  and  a  fourth  series  in  which  the 
coalescent  w  unites  with  k,  d,  or  t. 

THE    L    AND    R    SERIES. 

58.  These  compounds  are  either  initial  or  final. 
They  are  initial  when  followed  by  a  vocal  in  the 
same  syllal)le,  and  final  when  no  vocal  follows. 
Their  initial  use  is  illustrated  in  outlines  Nos.  3  and 
4  on  page  70.  The  names  of  the  initial  I  and  r  series 
are  Bla,  Pla,  Gla,  Cla,  Flay,  Bra,  Pra,  Gra,  Cra, 
Dra,  Tra,  Era,  Shra,  Thra.     See  outlines   Nos.  3-1. 

Remark.  —  Master  the  compounds  of  the  I  aud  r  series  b}^ 
drilling  on  them  in  pairs  until  they  are  as  familiar  as  tlie  alpha- 
betic letters.  Then  proceed  to  write  the  following  exercises  and 
drills :  — 

68 


WRITING  EXERCISES   12  AND  13.  G9 

WRlTINd    KXERCISE    12. 

1.  Please  to  place  the  blue  platter  on  the  table.  Clean 
the  cup,  close  the  window,  wind  the  clock  ;  then  climb  the 
cliff  beyond  the  glen  and  join  the  class  in  botany.  He  will 
phinge  into  the  placid  lal<e.  That  Hag  has  floated  over 
sea  and  land,  the  emblem  of  peace  and  the  harbinger  of 
plenty  to  every  nation.  That  bright  boy  is  in  a  sad  plight 
through  pride.  Grass  is  green,  air  is  blue,  the  cloud  is 
black  and  gray.  That  bird  is  dressed  in  plumage  gay. 
She  tried  to  trill  a  note  of  praise  as  she  flew  away,  glad 
to  be  free  from  bondage.  They  dread  to  tread  upon  en- 
chanted ground.  A  faint  gleam  of  light  relieved  the 
gloom  as  tliey  clonib  upw.a-d. 

2.  Aerial  navigation  has  never  as  yet  been  realized. 
He  found  a  large  and  commodious  room  and  began  to  ac- 
cumulate many  curiosities  for  his  Egyptian  museum.  The 
Bureau  of  Education  is  in  the  Department  of  the  Interior 
at  Washington.  —  1  G2  words. 

WRITING    EXERCISE    13. 

1.  Let  him  fasten  the  braid  with  a  brad.  She  brought 
tlie  bread  and  broke  it  for  the  table.  The  preacher  said 
he  preferred  to  prove  tlie  truth  of  his  doctrine  by  an  illus- 
tration. God  made  man  of  clay  and  breathed  into  his 
nostrils  the  breath  of  life.  Tlie  orator  addressed  a  great 
assembly.  Brain  and  l)rawMi  supp'y  the  sinews  of  war, 
and  drive  the  great  Corliss  engine  which  propels  the  ma- 
cliinery  designed  to  set  in  motion  the  tlu-onging  industries 
of  peace.  The  greed  of  gain  is  a  grave  error;  it  crushes 
out  manhood.  Tlie  sjul  is  prostrated  in  the  dust  by  it, 
and  so  is  compelled  to  worship  at  the  shrine  of  a  deity  that, 
like  Dagon  of  old,  is  unmoved  by  the  anguish  of  bleeding 
hearts — a  brute,  nay,  more,  a  clod.  Pride  goeth  before 
destruction.     God  will  give  grace  and  glory. 

An  angel's  wing  would  droop  if  long  at  rest, 
And  God  himself,  inactive,  were  no  longer  blest. 

—  IGO  words. 


70 


**    3 


3.1_  Ct-  U  [^  P^  L.  U  ^  kV\'^.5  \  \ 
•4,\  W-  Vi  V.  V  V~  A3-  1,1  \^  \^"  ^ 


KEY  TO  OUTLINES  NOS.  3  AND  4.  71 

OUTLINES   NO.  3. 

1.  Bla,  Pla,  Gla,  Cla,  Fla,  Bra,  Tra,  Gra,  Cra,  Dra, 
Tra,  Fra,  Slira,  Thra.  Blue,  play,  glee,  clay,  flee,  bmw, 
prow,  grow,  cry,  dry,  ti-y,  fro,  flow,  tlirovv,  free,  three, 
fly,  fry,  shred,  thread. 

2.  Blight,  bright,  plead,  breed,  glean,  greeu,  clip,  grip, 
cloud,  crowd,  drop,  trip,  trick,  flight,  fright,  flit,  fret, 
flame,  frame,  fleece,  freeze,  flush,  fresh,  flinch,  French, 

3.  Plaid,  played,  blaze,  place,  bleed,  bled,  l)liglit,  blab, 
black,  break,  broke,  blade,  bluff,  blush,  brush,  glib,  club, 
cluck,  crook,  glad,  glide,  cliff,  glove,  clean,  glare,  flop, 
flock,  floor,  flower,  flesh,  flash. 

4.  Bribe,  brag,  brack,  braid,  broad,  broom,  pride,  prim, 
prate,  preach,  prove,  prose,  prank,  grape,  grip,  crop, 
crape,  croup,  grul),  Greek,  crack,  great,  greet,  grove, 
grows,  craze,  cruise,  drape,  drip,  dream,  truce,  trice,  trace, 
trick,  track,  drunk,  trunk,  drink,  trump,  tramp,  detract, 
redress,  protrude,  preempt. 

OUTLINES    NO.  4. 

1.  Freed,  fright,  fruit,  fraught,  fraud,  froth,  front, 
frill,  shrill,  thrill,  shrewd,  threat,  throat,  throng,  shrine, 
shrink,  reply,  repress,  recluse,  reclaim,  depress,  declare, 
displace,  retract,  retrace,  retrench,  entreat,  defray,  defraud, 
dethrone,  infringe,  enthrall,  enfranchise,  patronize,  re- 
prisal, prototype,  prophecy,  cranium,  bravery. 

2.  Brilliancy,  prodig}',  tragedy,  traitorous,  treacherous, 
dressing-room,  proportionate,  enclosing,  disclosing,  en- 
grossing, degrading,  antichrist,  monochromatic,  ventrilo- 
quist, unshrinking,  unflinching,  unproductive,  reproduc- 
ing, lithographic,  hieroglyphic,  depravity,  declivity,  ob- 
structing, electric,  tragedy,  brigadier,  proclivity,  propriety, 
prerogative,  untrammelled,  unpremeditated,  reproductive, 
attractive,  treadmill,  treasonable,  transient,  magistracy. 

THE    COMPOUNDS    OF    THE    S    SERIES. 

59.  The  compounds  of  the  s  series  are  either 
initial  or  final.  For  the  initial  series  see  Outlines 
Nos.  3,  page  70. 


72  guffincs  Ijo^     5 

'^v '^  ^. '--I '^  »^'^'^ 

2.  v-  r^  <^^  ^^-  6^  <r^  <:?  <r"<  "<\  "^1 


2_    2_    c^^^   -^^^^     -^-"^     <^A>    .       o^     ^    e^ 


Vv — 


-^  hd 


2.  /^L    ^_    v.-_— ^\_^)^^^ 
3.   ^  ---V  ---Hy  /-Vy  l^  ^"-ly  "^  -iy^^  ^  ^ 


KEY  TO  OUTLINES  NO.  5.  73 

KEY    TO    OUTLINES    NO.     5. 

1.  Spe,  Ste,  Ske,  Sfe,  Sme,  Sne,  Sle,  Sla,  Swa,  vSpra, 
Stra,  Sera.  Spy,  spite,  spade,  speed,  speak,  spake,  spoke, 
speech,  spoon,  spool,  spell,  spill,  spoil,  spear,  spare,  stick, 
stake,  stock,  stuck,  steep,  step,  stab,  stub,  skip,  scrip, 
scape,  scrape,  scout,  skiff,  skin,  skill,  school,  scroll,  scrawl, 
state,  straight,  stove,  strove,  steaui,  stream,  stain,  strain, 
steel,  steer. 

2.  Sphere,  smoke,  smile,  smit,  smote,  smell,  smile, 
smear,  snub,  snap,  snake,  snout,  snort,  snuft",  snail,  sneer, 
slab,  slap,  sleep,  slip,  slate,  slat,  slide,  sleet,  slit,  slake, 
slag,  slack,  slug,  swap,  swab,  sweet,  swift. 

3.  Spread,  sprout,  sprightly,  spring,  sprung,  sprawl, 
stretch,  strive,  script,  scrub,  scratch,  screen,  straddle, 
street,  stratify,  strategy,  strange,  stringent,  strongly, 
stroll,  striven,  obstructing,  restricting,  extracting,  extri- 
cating. 

OCTLIXES   NO.    6. 

1.  Bel,  Pel,  Del,  Tel,  Gel,  Kel,  Vel,  Fel,  Zhel,  Shel, 
Nel.  Noble,  opal,  model,  bottle,  eagle,  local,  oval,  awful, 
ofTicial,  kennel,  double,  edible,  trouble,  bubble,  pebble, 
humble,  tumble,  trample,  treml)le,  bundle,  mantle,  fondle, 
kindle,  gentle,  rental,  dreadful,  peaceful,  bevel,  level. 

2.  Radical,  practical,  critical,  bugle,  creditable,  suita- 
ble, vegetable,  formidable,  article,  particle,  initial,  otlicial, 
ambrosial,  tunnel,  funnel,  rival,  sv.'ivel,  careful,  fearful, 
journal. 

3.  Able,  table,  unable,  rabble,  Babel,  staple,  steeple, 
legal,  sickle,  idle,  addle,  ladle,  beadle,  beetle,  fatal,  rattle, 
ravel,  raffle,  ra-lily,  usual,  essential,  prudential,  poten- 
tial, panel,  analyst,  prickle,  grapple,  scruple,  scribble, 
scrabble,  scraper,  skipper,  straggle,  struggle,  spangle, 
sprinkle,  strangle,  stripling,  swindle,  sweetly,  satchel, 
angel,  oracle,  parable,  terrible,  horrible,  barnacle. 

WRITING    EXERCISE  14. 

1.  It  is  truth  in  speech  to  call  a  spade  a  spade.  Can 
you  spai'e  a  spoon  and  a  spool?  Pie  stuck  a  stake  into 
the  sfround  which  stood  stiff  and  straisht.     Let  him  that 


74 

i 


> 


■ —  \J^ 


ereisc,    5 

_  c-  ^y  ^  -  /^  _  "  -^\^ : 

''  ^  \ .\^^ ,  "  ^   /  V-  "^ — ^  ,  ^ ./--  <^ 


^-^c^. 


5   ^i_  ._    -^  ^ 


r: 


THE  FINAL  L,  R,  AND  S  SERIES.  75 

stole  steal  no  more.  They  will  storm  the  stockade.  That 
steam  vessel  will  stem  the  current  and  stand  steady  iu  the 
storm.  A  sweet  smile  is  better  than  a  bitter  sneer.  His 
form  is  slight  and  slim  and  his  hat  sleek.  He  scribbled 
a  hasty  scrawl,  and  took  the  scroll  to  the  scribe.  They 
stretch  the  string  straight,  and  strive  to  trip  the  straggling 
swain.  He  engraved  this  legend  on  the  marble  slab  :  Let 
him  sleep  the  sleep  of  the  just. 

2.  I  hope  yon  do  not  feel  free  to  fret  at  fraud.  The 
frail  twig  of  alder  will  hold  the  thrush  who  thrice  trilled 
his  gladsome  note.  We  seek  to  repress  crime,  —  not  now 
to  reclaim  the  fallen.  They  deserve  reproach  for  their  de- 
sire to  encroach  upon  the  prerogatives  of  one  better  than 
they  ever  were.  That  traitor  is  a  treacherous  villain,  and 
is  plotting  treason.  His  brilliant  career  was  owing  to 
loyalty  to  a  good  cause,  and  to  bravery  in  defending  the 
right.  As  a  friend  and  patron  he  offered  a  premium  or 
prize  to  him  who  is  able  to  take  the  highest  place  through 
superior  merit.  —  222  words. 

THE    FINAL    L    AND    R    SERIES. 

60.  The  signs  of  the  final  I  and  r  series  are  used 

only  when   convenient.     When    the    alphabet  forms 

are  more   convenient,  they  arc    used   instead  of  the 

compounds.     See  Outlines  Nos.  7  and  8. 

Remark.  —  Convenience  or  inconvenience  is  determined  largely 
by  vocalization.  If  the  woultl-be  compound  is  preceded  b}'^  a 
vowel  tliat  ouijht  to  he  written,  and  wliich  cannot  lie  joined  to 
the  compounds  but  can  l)e  joined  to  tlie  stem  letter,  the  full  form 
is  used:  as,  for  instance,  in  the  words  legal,  enable ;  but  if  the 
vowel  can  be  spared,  or  if  it  can  be  joined  to  the  compound  sign, 
then  the  compound  is  used,  as  iu  the  words  local,  article.  (See 
Outlines  No.  8.) 

THE    FINAL    S    SERIES. 

61.  The  final  circle  is  designed  to  indicate  the 
union  of  the  s  or  z  sound  with  a  preceding  consonant 
without  an  intervening  vocal,  or  with  an  obscure 
vowel,  as  in  ai^hes.     See  Outlines  No,  7. 


7 


76 


2. 


3.  L  L  v\^  _^  __o  D  3  "^^-^  '^v^  ^--5  --^^^ 
/^J^_^  ^^  -^^  -U  -^  ^-^  >"  )>"  )^. 

0iiK-incs|o^    8 


2  ku.Kkl.V.^'^-^i 


KEY  TO  OUTLINES   7  AND  8. 


KEY    TO    OUTLINES    NO.  7. 

1.  Bcr,  Per,  Ger,  Kcr,  Der,  Ter,  Yer,  Fer,  Zher,  Sher, 
Ther,  T/ier,  Mer,  Ner.  Ember,  temper,  eager,  order, 
OA'er,  puffer,  osier,  usher,  other,  Arthur,  rumor,  owner, 
blubber,  deeper,  trooper,  beggar,  beaker,  v/ider,  voter, 
cover,  rougher,  leisure,  fisher,  wisher,  mutter,  measure, 
mother,  donor,  tenor. 

2.  Neighbor,  labor,  vapor,  baker,  packer,  bladder, 
platter,  glitter,  clatter,  daughter,  debter,  rather,  wither, 
azure,  rasher,  father,  favor,  fever,  differ,  giver,  coffer, 
scoffer. 

3.  Ebs,  Eps,  Egs,  Ex,  Eds,  Ets,  Evs,  Efs,  Ethz,  Eths, 
Athz,  Aths,  Ems,  Engs,  P^ns,  Elz,  P^rz,  Ence,  Else,  Krse. 
Hubs,  hopes,  hugs,  hooks,  heads,  oats,  loves,  laughs, 
wreathrs,  wreaths,  looms,  loans,  lines,  lungs,  ells,  eels, 
worse,  wars,  force,  fours,  falls. 

4.  Probes,  props,  scrubs,  scrapes,  trips,  chips,  throbs, 
shrubs,  grapes,  clips,  bugs,  books,  speaks,  bids,  frets, 
pence,  pens,  fools,  pulls,  pulse,  purse,  purrs,  pours,  utters, 
owners,  evils,  embers,  tampers. 


KEY   TO    OUTLINES    NO.   8. 

1.  Peeper,  pepper,  pauper,  popper,  pebble,  people, 
papal,  pupil,  proper,  copper,  cooper,  keeper,  skipper, 
cable,  cobble,  copal,  couple,  tab'e,  dabble,  double,  trouble, 
stubble,  stopple,  staple,  stable,  chapel,  feeble,  fable, 
foible,  shipper,  saber,  maple,  label,  rabble,  ripple,  riper, 
wrapper. 

2.  Broker,  poker,  bleaker,  speaker,  buckle,  cockle, 
shackle,  suckle,  local,  regal,  striker,  joker,  shaker,  seeker, 
maker,  raker,  weaker,  walker,  liquor,  litter,  letter,  latter, 
leader,  elder,  older,  ladder,  louder,  little,  lately,  rattle. 

3.  Beater,  better,  bitter,  batter,  butter,  biter,  pewter, 
putter,  patter,  beetle,  bottle,  ]:)attle,  paddle,  badly,  boodle, 
poodle,  bundle,  trund'e,  spindle,  cuttle,  scuttle,  vital, 
shuttle,  shudder,  shutter,  saddle,  suttle,  metal,  muddle, 
meutalj  mantel. 


78  WRITING  EXERCISE  15. 

WRITING    EXERCISE    15, 

1.  He  is  a  model  man,  able  and  noble.  In  the  battle 
of  the  bottle  he  is  radical  and  practical,  which  is  creditable 
to  his  critical  acumen.  With  a  smooth  pebb'e  taken  from 
the  brook  David  smote  the  uiant  and  made  the  Philistines 
tremble  and  fly.  With  humble  voice  aud  gentle  mien  h^ 
claimed  ofllcial  recognition  and  protection.  The  boy 
thought  it  a  terrible  trouble  to  do  the  easi  st  'hity,  but  did 
not  scruple  to  scribble  an  unreadalile  scrawl  to  his  amiable 
tutor.  The  fickle  people  were  unable  to  meet  in  battle 
with  equal  skill  the  freemen  trained  in  the  rugged  school 
of  hardship.  The  temple  was  built  of  solid  granite  laid 
with  a  pknnb  line  and  a  level. 

2.  The  tiger  and  the  panther  hunt  their  prey  at  night. 
The  otter  is  a  fur-bearing  animal.  Labor  is  a  ladder  on 
which  all  who  ever  reach  it  climb  to  eminence.  Many 
])arter  that  which  is  beyond  price  for  a  small  share  of 
lilthy  lucre.  The  stronger  should  not  injure  the  weaker  ; 
the  same  Almighty  Maker  mnde  both.  Lumber  is  made 
from  timber.  Trees  grow  in  the  forest,  and  when  they  are 
cut  down  and  hewn  or  sawn  the}'  are  called  timber ;  when 
sawn  into  the  form  of  a  board,  scantling,  or  joist  the  prod- 
uct is  called  lumber.  Whale  fat  is  called  blubber. 
Water  is  strained  through  a  filter.  The  author  will  be 
glad  to  do  3'ou  a  favor.  —  236  words. 

THE    CIRCLE    USED    MEDIALLY. 

()2.  When  the  circle  comes  l)etween  two  conso- 
nants the  direction  in  which  it  is  turned  is  determined 
by  certain  rules.  AYhen  occurring  between  the  simple 
letters  there  are  the  following  cases  :  — 

1.  Between  two  straisfht  signs  in  the  same  direc- 
tion  the  circle  is  written  as  before  taught  in  the 
initial  and  final  series. 

2.  Between  straisrht  lines  that  form  an  angle  it  is 
written  on  the  outside  of  the  angle. 


EXTENDED  USE  OF  THE  CIRCLE.  79 

.     At  the  junction  of  straight  lines  iind  curves  it 
is  on  the  inside  of  the  curve. 

4.  At  the  junction  of  facing  curves,  on  the  inside 
of  both. 

5.  At  the  junction  of  the  opposing  curves,  no 
rule  but  that  of  convenience  can  be  given.  See 
examples  in  Outlines  No.  9,  corresponding  numbers. 

When  occurring  medially  before  hooked  letters  the 
circle  is  turned  in  such  a  way  as  to  best  accommo- 
date the  hook. 

a.  Between  two  straight  signs  the  circle  on  the 
r  hook  side  implies  the  r  of  the  r  series  ;  but  fol- 
lowed by  the  signs  of  the  I  series,  J  and  cha,  the  hook 
must  appear. 

b.  The  hooks  of  the  r  series  are  sometimes 
obscured  when  they  follow  a  sign  ending  with  a  circle, 
but  they  may  be  so  turned  that  the  circle  may  be 
brouofht  on  to  the  r  hook  side. 

c.  Where  the  expression  of  the  I  hook  following 
a  circle  would  be  otherwise  impossible,  the  long  sign 
may  be  used  instead  of  the  circle,  as  in  the  word 
resplendent.     See  Outlines  No.  9. 

EXTENDED    USE    OF    THE    CIRCLE. 

03.  1.  The  circle  is  used  for  c«  in  such  initial  syl- 
lables as  sub,  sup,  sug,  sue,  sud,  suf,  sun,  sul,  sur, 
dis,  mis,  and  in  other  cases  where  the  s  is  followed 
by  an  obscure  vocal  or  short-dash  vocal.  See  Out- 
lines No.  10. 

2.  The  circle  may  be  Avrittenin  the  curved  vocals 
when  necessary  to  form  good  outlines. 


80 


iluKines  lo.     9 


1  f— ^^^^^s^^io  u^  ._^^i^ 


3.  "^ 


>>-o 


-^ 


KEY  TO  OUTLINES  9  AND  10.  81 

THE    DOUBLE    CIRCLE. 

64.  When  a  syllable  ending  in  a  circle  adds  a 
second  6^  it  may  be  indicated  by  enlarging  the  circle, 
if  more  convenient  to  do  so.     See  Outlines  No.  10-3. 

KEY    TO    OUTLINES    NO.   9. 

1.  Bespeak,  footstool,  excuse,  forswear. 

2.  Obscure,  bestow,  respond,  expose,  exercise,  exorl)i- 
tant,  resketch,  restore. 

3.  Inspire,  exasperate,  unstained,  liomespnn,  suspense, 
well-spent,  dowustairs,  withstand,  sustain,  uuskilled,  well- 
skilled,  despoil,  indecision,  disseminate. 

4.  Themselves,  Nelson,  enslave,  ensnare,  falsely, 
pulseless,  deuseuess,  incautiously,  unanimously,  Demos- 
thenes. 

5.  Long-suffering,  secession,  densely,  Dinsmore,  tin- 
smith, lonsesome,  ransom. 

6.  Bespread,  upspringing,  headstrong,  excrete,  ex- 
claim, exchange,  rescript,  nondescript,  express,  extreme, 
bestrewed,  prescript,  proscript,  prescribe,  describe,  re- 
splendent, exaggerate,  exuberant,  obstruction,  restriction, 
rescriptiou,  description,  inscription,  ascription,  postscript. 

KEY   TO    OUTLINES    NO.    10. 

1.  Submit,  support,  suggest,  success,  succession,  sub- 
serve, subsist,  sudden,  satisfy,  several,  suffice,  unsocia- 
ble, recess,  southern,  sometime,  sunshine,  sung,  sulphur, 
seldom,  surmount,  surround,  surprise,  circumstance, 
basket,  biscuit,  brisket,  casket,  uncertain,  answer,  good- 
ness, soulless,  careless,  helplessness,  carelessly,  helplessly. 

2.  Asp,  aspect,  asperse,  aspire,  inspire,  ask,  askance, 
acid,  astonish,  asteroid,  assiduity,  asseverate,  associate, 
ascend,  ascent,  assault,  assert,  assuage,  asquint,  insist,  in- 
cessant, incense,  innocence,  inscrutable,  inscribe,  instruct. 

3.  Ancestry,  consist,  resuscitate,  sustenance,  suscep- 
tible, suspicious,  suspect,  sustain,  tenses,  dances,  furnaces, 
wildernesses,  necessary,  access,  success,  fancies,  system, 
sister,  schism,  sassafras,  Cicero,  scissors,  assessors,  CiT?sar. 


82 


cabin|    ^jccreisc.     6 


\^  ^ 


^  n-^-i^-^^^^ 


n 


—  ^^  — 


->  w. 


2.  ^. 


c  \^^ ^Z-T^  -^-^  /---^  \  — 


»^. 


^-   ^ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  18.  83 


WRITING   EXERCISE    18. 


1.  He  is  stern,  steady,  and  stoical.  The  slow  snail 
slides  smoothly  along  his  slippery  way.  He  accepts  the 
office,  and  attempts  by  his  acts  to  conceal  his  faults.  For 
the  hundredth  time  he  spoke  of  lengths,  breadths,  widths, 
and  depths.  Amidst  tlie  mists  and  coldest  frosts,  with 
barest  wrists  and  stoutest  boasts,  he  tlu'usts  his  fis's 
against  the  posts,  and  still  insists  he  sees  the  ghosts.  A 
storm  arises  on  tlie  sea.  A  model  vessel  is  struggling 
amidst  the  war  of  elements,  quivering  and  sliivcring, 
shrinlving  and  battling  like  a  flunking  being.  The  merci- 
less, racking  whirlwinds,  like  frightful  fiends,  howl  and 
moan,  and  send  sharp,  shrill  shrieks  through  the  creaking 
cordage,  snapping  the  sheets  and  masts.  The  sailors 
stand  to  their  tasks,  and  weather  the  severest  storm  of 
the  season. 

2.  They  met  many  obstacles,  but  did  not  rest  satisfied 
with  partial  success.  They  endeavored  to  restore  customs 
now  nearly  obsolete  from  long  disuse.  Receiving  little 
aid,  with  much  restraint,  they  struggled  on  through  un- 
pleasant tasks,  striving  not  so  much  to  win  success  as  to 
deserve  it.  The  discipline  of  sorrow  is  often  necessary 
to  moral  perfection.  His  directions  were  explicit  and  ex- 
pressed in  terms  quite  unmistakable.  His  reply  discloses 
some  scarcity,  even  at  the  base  of  supplies.  Those  dis- 
graceful proceedings  deserve  decided  dispraise.  Provi- 
dence dispenses  many  blessings,  and  we  regard  some  of 
these  blessings  as  indispensable.  —  226  words. 


luffines 


m^k 


a 


84 

N  V.  v^  \  ^  a  ^  v^^  ^^  -^  ^  ^  --- 


2^   j    -^ 


J~J^    ^     ^  /    ^    ^ 


mrlmes 


12 


13 


luKlnes  Mo. 


'  l_^  V  (v— "^^-^^ •S_->^'^>-^ 


'-Vr 


4-^^l  4_-t--,— ^  ^ 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

WORD   SIGXS  AND  SPECIAL  COXTRACTS. SIGN  WORDS. 

65.  The  following  sign  words  are  written  with 
brief  signs,  as  given  on  page  84  :  In  No.  1  the  com- 
pounds are  used  in  some  cases  exceptionally,  as  in 
the  words  dear,  call,  sure,  etc.,  where  the  vowel  is 
included.  In  No.  2  vocal  signs,  ticks,  and  final 
hooks,  and  in  No.  3  t-he  circle  and  loop  are  used. 

KEY    TO    OUTLINES    NO.    11. 

1.  Dear,  true,  call,  over,  ever,  from,  pleasure,  sure, 
short,  other,  through,  throughout,  value,  full,  dwell,  be- 
tween. 

2.  All,  altogether,  already,  almighty,  almost,  always, 
why,  while,  when,  whence,  one,  once,  object,  by,  begin, 
began,  begun,  country,  account,  satisfy,  thy,  thine,  then, 
than,  new,  now,  only,  any,  anything,  something,  nothing. 
England.  En  owlish. 

3.  Subject,  establish,  business,  said,  says,  south,  saith, 
some,  sun,  sou,  sung,  last,  least,  first,  his,  house,  use,  uze. 

KEY   TO    OUTLINES    NO.    12. 

1.  Dearly,  truly,  calling,  called,  overdo,  overhead, 
overcome,  overlook,  overwhelm,  pleasurable,  surely,  surer, 
insure,  assure,  shorten,  shortly,  shorthand,  otherwise, 
valuable,  unvalued,  valuation,  fulness,  fully,  fulfil,  dwell- 
ing, dwelling-place. 

2.  Objective,  objectively,  objecting,  objectionable, 
unobjectionable,  begiuning,  countryman,  countrymen, 
accordance,  according,  accountant,  accounting,  satisfying, 
uusatisf^'ing,  satisfaction,  satisfactory,  unsatisfactory, 
thyself,  thence,  newness,  renew,  renewing.  Englishman, 
Englishmen,  subjection,  subjective,  subjectively,  estab- 
lishmeut,  establishing,  establish,  disestablishment,  using, 
used. 

85 


8G  EXCEPTIONAL  USE  OF  THE  COMPOUNDS. 

OUTLINES    NO.    13. 

1.  Brookh'n,  belfry,  pilgrim,  pilgrimage,  college,  col- 
legiate, culprit,  colonel,  corner,  Columbia,  volcano,  vul- 
gar, evolve,  involve,  devolve,  revolve,  travel  er,  fulcrum, 
fulling  mill,  effulgence,  refulgence,  Philadelphia,  philoso- 
phy, philosopher,  philosophise,  unphilosophical,  nnu'der, 
merchant,  merchandise,  mercy,  knowledge,  acknowledge. 

2.  April,  apron,  approach,  approximate,  apprehend, 
approbation,  address. 

6.  Saturday,  stored,  storied,  stirred,  sturdy,  steward, 
stride,  astride,  strayed,  astrayed,  strewed,  asteroid,  east- 
ward, westward. 

4.  Spirit,  spurt,  sport,  separate,  seared,  sword,  ser- 
ried,  Seward,  sired,  sinned,  sunned,  send,  sound,  signed, 
snnd. 

EXCEPTIONAL    USE    OF    THE    COMPOUNDS. 

&Q.  The  use  of  the  signs  of  the  I,  r,  and  s  series, 
when  final,  is  determined  by  so  many  considerations 
that  no  rules  can  fully  cover  all  cases.  Their  use 
can  be  l)est  learned  by  a  careful  study  of  the  exam- 
ples given  ;  but  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  as 
the  design  of  these  signs  is  to  show  the  exclusion  of 
the  vowel,  they  cannot  be  used  when  a  vowel  sign  of 
any  importance  occurs  to  separate  the  letters.  But 
in  the  case  of  the  circle  the  occurrence  of  a  short 
vocal  does  not  preclude  its  use,  but  a  long  or 
accented  vowel  does  ;  and  it  is  much  more  improper 
still  to  use  the  circle  where  two  vocals  occur,  as  in 
the  words  impervious,  imperious,  iUustrious. 

Remark  1.  — The  rule  that  the  componiid  sign  indicates  tlie 
exclusion  of  the  vocal  should  never  l)e  lightly  broken.  The  ex. 
ceptions  to  this  rule  admitted  in  Outlines  No.  13-1  must  be 
treated  as  exceptions,  not  as  opening  the  way  to  a  careless  use 
of  the  compound  in  other  cases.     The  examples  given  in  Section 


•       WKITING  EXERCISE   19.  87 

2  represent  the  other  extreme ;  the  words  might  be  written  with 
the  compound,  but  the  full  forms  are  more  convenient.  Studj'^ 
carefully  the  outlines  given  in  these  sections  and  in  Nos.  3  and  4. 
Rkmauk  2.  —  The  proper  form  of  some  derivative  words  is 
determined  by  the  form  of  the  primitive.  For  example  :  having 
Avritten  hard,  Ha-Ar-De,  harder  is  written  I)y  simply  adding  the 
Ar,  and  so  in  other  cases ;  although  a  primitive  word  of  the  same 
character  would  be  written  with  a  compound. 

■WTIITING    EXERCISE    19. 

1.  The  colonel  was  from  Brooklyn,  though  he  began  to 
evolve  his  metaphysical  speculations  flrst  in  Philadelphia. 
He  said  it  devolved  upon  him  to  teach  certain  esoteric 
P'inciples  concerning  volcanic  eruptions  and  other  phys- 
ical phenomena.  He  had  often  revolved  the  subject  in 
his  mind  since  finishing  his  collegiate  education,  and  he 
wished  to  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  also  to  pilgrims 
in  E^astern  lands,  where  the  sacred  light  of  a  great  anti- 
quity beams  with  an  effulgence  of  glory.  As  nearly  as  he 
could  approximate  to  the  time,  his  departure  on  his  East- 
ern journey  commenced  on  the  first  Saturday  in  April, 
Anno  Domini  1890.  He  saw  much  that  met  his  approba- 
tion, and  other  things  that  attracted  serious  attention. 
He  crossed  the  borders  of  several  States,  and  strayetl  into 
corners  not  visited  by  other  travellers,  yet  he  came  home 
more  than  ever  satisfied  that  "  the  land  of  the  free  and 
the  home  of  the  brave  "  is  the  best  of  all  countries. 

2.  AVhen  the  crisis  befalls  you,  and  the  emergency  re- 
quires moral  courage  to  meet  it,  rise  superior  to  the  ob- 
stacles in  3"our  path.  The  universal  experience  of  men 
gives  the  assui-ance  that  difficulties  may  be  ended  by  oppo- 
sition. There  is  no  blessing  equal  to  the  stout  heart.  The 
differences  of  character  are  never  more  distinctly  seen  than 
in  times  when  men  are  surrounded  ])y  difficulties  and  mis- 
fortune. —  225  words. 


88 


^K^'^.-^X 


casing    ^j^crclsc.     7 


2..  ^  ^N  ^,^^  u_  )^l^^  .^^-^ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  20.  89 

"WRITING   EXERCISE    20. 

Once  in  a  golden  hour  I  cast  to  earth  a  seed, 
Up  there  came  a  flower,  the  people  said  a  weed  ; 
To  and  fro  they  went  thro'  my  garden  bowser, 
And,  muttering  discontent,  cursed  me  and  my  flower. 

Then  it  grew  so  tall  it  wore  a  crown  of  light ; 
But  thieves  from  o'er  the  wall  stole  the  seed  by  night, 
Sowed  it  far  and  wide,  by  every  town  and  tower, 
Till  all  the  people  cried,  "  Splendid  is  the  flower  !  " 

Read  my  little  fable  ;  he  that  runs  may  read  ; 
Most  can  have  the  flowers  now,  for  all  have  got  the  seed. 
And  some  are  pretty  enough,  and  some  are  poor  indeed  ; 
And  now  again  the  people  call  it  but  a  weed. 

Tennyson. 

4.  Go  wing  thy  way  from  star  to  star, 
From  world  to  luminous  world,  as  far 

As  the  universe  spreads  its  flaming  wall ; 
Take  all  the  pleasures  of  all  the  spheres 
And  multiply  each  through  endless  years, 

When  one  minute  of  heaven  is  worth  them  all. 

Moore. 

5.  When  Freedom  from  her  mountain  height 
Unfurled  her  standard  to  the  air, 

She  tore  the  azure  robe  of  night 
And  set  the  stars  of  glory  there. 

6.  She  mingled  with  its  gorgeous  dyes 
The  milky  baldrick  of  the  skies, 
And  striped  its  pure  celestial  white 

With  streakings  of  the  morning  light.     Drake. 

—  215  words. 


^uffincs    0 


•,^, 


14 


90 

^  "  ^  fuffines'lo, 

15 


m 

mt  « 


la. 

2 


.>. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

PREFIX    AND    AFFIX    SYLLABLES. 

Ermark.  —  The  principles  of  Tacliysrapliy  explained  in  the  pre- 
cedin-;  cliapter  are  sufficient  to  iiuide  in  tlie  Avritini;  of  all  the 
-words  in  the  laniruase;  but  some  increased  facilities  may  be 
obtained  by  the  study  of  the  prefix  and  atlix  syllables,  many  of 
which  are  of  frequent  occurrence. 

67.  The  terminations  ^c,  He,  in,  ire,  are  generally 
vocalized,  but  most  others  omit  the  vowel.  Among 
those  that  omit  the  vowel  are  age,  ance,  ant,  art,  ect, 
en,  ence,  ent,  et,  ish,  om,  on,  or,  os,  ous,  ur,  us. 

KEY    TO    AFFIX    SIGNS.  —   OUTLINES    C. 

Able,  ible,  ac,  acy,  age,  ical,  an,  ance,  ant,  ard,  ary, 
asm,  ate,  dom,  ee,  eer,  en,  ence,  ent,  ess,  full,  fy,  hood, 
ic,  ice,  id,  ier,  il  or  ile,  in  or  ine,  ing,  ion,  ise,  ize,  ish,  ism, 
ist,  ite  or  it,  ive  or  iv,  less,  ling,  ly,  ment,  mony,  ness, 
ory,  ose,  ous,  ship,  some,  ster,  tude,  ure,  sier,  zier,  sure. 

KEY    TO   OUTLINES    NO.    14. 

1.  Poplar,  grammar,  sugar,  sceptre,  azure,  osier, 
vizier,  dragoon,  cartouch,  campaign,  genteel,  coquet, 
vignette,  valise,  cuirass,  empire,  satire,  fatigue,  ol)lique, 
critique,  opaque,  loathsome,  irksome,  salad,  ballad, 
footpad,  solid,  squalid,  horrid,  bishop,  gallop,  envelop, 
develop. 

2.  Bamlwo,  tattoo,  chateau,  depot,  inveigh,  array, 
bouquet,  debris,  ennui,  al)l)y,  valley,  clayey,  wheyey, 
skyey  issue,  virtue,  statue,  argue,  tyro,  solo,  defy, 
edify,  annoy,  alloy. 

3.  Royal,  loyal,  vernal,  eternal,  journal,  signal,  only, 
rational,  emotional,  sensational,  rationally,  provisionally, 
futile,  reptile,  tendril,  cavil,  pencil,  cancel,  counsel, 
council. 

KEY    TO    OUTLINES    NO.    15. 

1.     Bol)l)in,    nai)kiu,    destine,    engine,     muffin,   bacon, 
matron,  wakeu,  hidden,  dungeon,  vision,   fusion,  million, 
union,  earthen,  etc. 
91 


KEY  TO  OUTLINES  Ki  AND   17.  93 

68.  The  tcriniiKitions  ance  und  owe  arc  some- 
times shortened  when  attached  to  the  straii^ht  siijns 
])y  writing  a  circle  on  the  n-liooiv  side  for  the  ?i.s-. 

Rkmakk. — Tlu!  n-liook  side  is  the  opposite  side  from  tliat  on 
which  tlie  circle  is  written.    See  examples  in  Outlines  No.  l(i-2. 

69.  Tlie  terminations  hood,  lire,  and  ural  may 
be  abbreviated.  Shortened  forms  are  also  given  for 
the  terminations  dent,  tent,  ment,  mental,  mentary. 

Remark.  —  These  forms  are  imported  from  the  contracted 
style,  and  their  use  in  the  simple  style  should  be  limited  to  a  few 
words  that  can  be  easily  remembered.     Outlines  Nos.  IG,  17. 

KEY    TO    OUrLINES    NO.    IG. 

1.  Landed,  ragged,  pouited,  candied,  morbid,  placid, 

2.  Riddance,  distance,  fragrance,  semblance,  encum- 
brance, prudence,  sentence,  essence,  absence,  vacant, 
distant,   apparent,  bondage,   package,  passage,  postage. 

3.  Gusto,  cocoa,  echo,  elbow,  barrow,  vertigo,  mar- 
shal, nuptial,  secpiel,  equal,  onion,  pinion,  auction, 
vacate,  mandate,  tribute,  profit,  druggist,  baptist,  linguist, 
exorcism,    mechanism,    baptism,    scrupulous,  sumptuous. 

4.  Pity,  berry,  penny,  regular,  premier,  metaphor, 
ancestor,  luminary,  obligatory,  pedantry,  ancestry,  etc. 

KEY   TO    OUTLINES    NO.    17. 

1.  Abilit}',  civility,  acceptability,  acccptableness,  bar- 
barity, principality,  lithograph,  stenographic,  photograph, 
theocracy,  rectitude,  fortitude,    nationality,   individualize. 

2.  Chronology,  geometry,  downward,  himself,  careless- 
ness, blissfulness,  likelihood,  hardihood,  nature,  natural, 
gradual,  regularly,  secularize,  secularization,  graduation, 
stipulation,  geo'ogy,  biology,  sanctimony,  sanctimonious- 
ness, microscopic,  circumstantial,  ventriloquism,  baccha- 
nalian, antediluvian,  manuscript,  noncommittal. 

3.  Ardent,  ardently,  distantly,  fragment,  fragmentary, 
firmament,  instrument,  instrumental,  instrumentMlity. 

4.  European,  colosseum,  Presbyterian,  millcnarian, 
correspondence,  negotiate,  officiate,  associate,  ingratiate, 
inveterate,  antithesis,  philoh  gist,  economist. 


94  WRITING  EXERCISE  21. 

FINAL    EN    ON    DIRECT    CURVES. 

70.  The  final  en  may  be  written  by  a  final  hook 
on  the  inside  of  the  direct  curves  Ve,  Ef^  and  //'/^, 
in  such  words  as  heaven,  often,  earthen.  This  is 
done  to  avoid  the  joining  of  opposing  curves. 

WRITING    KXERCISE    21. 

1.  The  marshal  said  he  was  wilUng  to  vacate  the 
premises.  In  his  opinion,  the  war  fur  the  Union  was  the 
noblest  expression  of  patriotism  ever  made  by  the  Amer- 
ican people.  That  granite  pedestal  holds  a  worthy  tribute 
to  a  moral  hero.  His  paternal  ancestor  was  a  foreigner. 
He  gave  a  sumptuous  feast,  inviting  with  scrui)ulous  care 
every  man  of  distinction  in  the  community.  He  said  it 
was  not  obligatory  upon  him  to  procure  a  permanent  resi- 
dence. The  Jewish  theocracy  tended  to  establish  in  the 
minds  of  the  nation  some  tangible  conception  of  the  divine 
omnipotence.  The  sei)tuagent  chr.  nology  makes  the  du- 
ration of  the  world  longer  by  a  tliousand  3'ears  than  the 
current  computation.  Algebra  and  geometry  are  branches 
of  the  mathematics.  He  has  the  hardiliood  to  say  tliat 
there  is  no  likelihood  of  having  an  early  settlement  of  the 
vexed  question.  With  a  sanctimonious  face  he  assured 
us  that  the  bacchanalian  orgies  rife  among  certain  secular- 
ists were  unworthy  of  tho  antediluvian  period  of  the 
world's  history.  His  account  was  fragmentaiy,  though 
circumstantial.  He  defied  the  most  microscopic  analysis 
to  indicate  an3'thing  beyond  what  was  stipulated  in  the 
engagement.  It  was  half  past  eleven  o'clock  on  the 
seventh  day  of  June.  He  sought  to  soften  the  exi^ression 
of  his  censure.  He  believed  that  the  heathen  would  be 
judged  in  accordance  with  the  light  given  to  them.  He 
put  the  solution  in  an  earthen  vessel.  —  233  words. 


COMMON  PllEFIXES.  95 

71.  The  prefixes  a,  ab,  ac,  ad,  af,  ag,  al,  an, 
ar,  as,  at,  e,  ec,  ex,  il,  ir,  etc.,  are  written  literally  ; 
but  when  ah  is  followed  by  6,  ap  by  p,  ad  by  cZ, 
af  by  f,  etc.,  that  is,  wherever  a  prefix  ending  in  a 
consonant  is  followed  by  a  root  commencing  with  the 
same  consonant,  the  letter  is  not  generally  doubled. 
We  write  abrevuUe,  acord,  adrefi,  afect,  alot,  anex, 
asert^  etc.,  but  the  prefix  im  sometimes  duplicates 
the  m,  and  the  prefix  un  always  retains  the  n  in  the 
root.  When  ac  is  followed  by  cl  or  cr,  ag  by  gl  or 
gr,  at  by  tr,  the  prefix  may  be  written  in  full  fol- 
lowed by  the  compound  sign. 

Remakk  1.  —  Initial  en  of  the  root  is  retained  after  the  prefix 
in,  and  initial  m  of  the  root  is  frequently  retained  after  the  prefix 
im,  but  not  after  the  prefix  com. 

Remakk  2.  —  In  compound  words,  like  hook-case,  head-dress, 
etc.,  where  the  second  part  of  the  compound  commences  with 
the  same  letter  with  which  the  first  part  ends,  both  letters  are 
written  in  the  short-hand  word  forms,  as  also  in  such  derivatives 
as  icholly,  soulless,  keenness,  etc. 

KEY   TO    OUTLINES    NO.    18. 

1.  Abase,  abstract,  admit,  ecceuti'ic,  exchaDge,  ex- 
clude, ignite,  affect,  addict,  aggregate,  anuouuce,  arrange, 
assign,  attain,  infect,  illegal,  obtuse,  occur,  offend, 
anticipate,  antedate,  antemeridian. 

2.  Educe,  induce,  intimate,  intransitive,  include,  in- 
crease, insect,  inspire,  institute,  incessant,  insufferable, 
inscribe,  instruct,  aspect,  askance,  asseverate,  assimilate, 
assembl}',  assuage,  embrace,  imbue,  impung,  embassy, 
impart,  embark,  impossible,  empurple,  imperfect,  em- 
powering, implicit,  emblem,  improvident,  improper,  ex- 
pose, excreet,  express,  extemporaneous,  exalt,  exult, 
exemplify,  inexpedient,  unextracted,  unexpected,  unavoid- 
able, unenviable,  unexpressed,  uucompouuded,  autetrin- 
itarian,  enfrauclusement. 


96 
1     U 


J^l      ^^• 


s-^r^^ r  t^..^^ .  ./^l^ru  n^rn^  r^^ny\r^ 


■      §iiKlnes|o,     19 

2  VV_irk_ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  22.  97 


OUTLINES    NO.    19. 

1.  Even,  heaven,  seven,  proven,  graven,  craven, 
driven,  striven,  leven,  riven,  raven,  often,  soften,  heathen, 
earthen,  ol)livion,  rulllan,  ravine,  refine,  define,  profane, 
telephone,  Delevau, 

2.  Abbreviate,  appropriate,  apprehend,  accord,  accuse, 
accustom,  acclivity,  accrue,  aggrieve,  address,  attempt,  at- 
tack, attract,  attribute,  attenuate,  atflx,  afford,  allot,  allay, 
ally,  alloy,  allow,  annoy,  annex,  annunciate,  annotation, 
annihilate,  annul,  arrest,  assert,  excite,  illiberal,  illiterate, 
irregular,  irrelevant,  u-responsible,  innate,  innocent,  im- 
mort.l,  immeasurable,  innnaculate,  immediate,  immemo- 
rial, immutable,  unnatural,  unnerved,  unnecessary, 
ineligible,  illegible,  inarticulate,  inartistic. 

3.  Book-case,  book-keeper,  wholly,  soulless,  keenness, 
rat-trap,  ear-ring, 

WRITING   EXERCISE   22. 

Some  persons  are  addicted  to  habits  which  abridge  their 
opportunities  and  circumscribe  their  sphere  of  usefulness. 
He  aflfected  to  be  accredited  to  the  Court  of  St.  James 
He  allowed  that  the  sum  in  the  aggregate  was  not  accu- 
rately announced  in  the  ai)peal.  His  assistant  was 
arrested  and  his  property  attached  to  satisfy  the  antipathy 
of  his  opponent.  Though  his  resources  were  scanty,  yet 
he  assisted  many  whose  circumstances  rendered  it  impossi- 
ble for  them  to  reciprocate  his  kindness  in  any  substantial 
way.  That  hour  in  human  life  is  most  serious  when  it 
passes  from  parental  control  into  free  manhood.  Then 
must  the  man  bind  the  righteous  law  upon  himself  moie 
strongly  than  father  or  mother  ever  bound  it  upon  him. 
And  when  a  people  leaves  the  leading-strings  of  pre- 
scriptive authority,  and  enters  upon  the  ground  of 
freedom,  that  ground  nuist  be  fenced  with  law,  it  must  be 
tilled  with  wisdom,  it  must  be  hallowed  with  prayer.  The 
tribunal  of  justice,  the  free  school,  the  holy  church  nnist 
be  built  there,  to  intrench,  to  defend,  and  to  keep  the 
sacred  heritage. 


98 


iiiffincs      B 


L-^  V>  ^1  <''^'  ^^  ^ 


V 


Ely  ©      KL^ 


SHORTEN  El)  TUEFIXES.  99 


3.  The  venerable  past  is  past ; 

'T  is  dark,  and  siiines  not  in  the  ray  ; 
'Twas  good  uo  doul>t ;  'tis  gone  at  hist ; 
There  comes  another  day. 

4.  The  present  needs  ns  ;  every  age 

Bequeaths  the  next  her  heritage  ; 
No  lazy  luxury  or  delight, 

But  strenuous  labor  for  the  right. 

—  227  words. 

SHORTENED    PREFIXES. 

72.  1.  Con  may  1)g  written  in  some  words  of 
frequent  occurrence  ])y  a  small  tick  perpendicular  to 
the  simple  straight  signs,  and  parallel  to  the  hooked 
and  curved  signs.     See  Outlines  No.  20,  1  and  2. 

2.  Trans  may  l)c  contracted  to  irs.  — No.  20,  3. 

3.  Intej-  and  enter  may  be   written  by  a  length-^ 
cned  en  and  under  by  shading  this  sign.  — No.  20,  4. 

4.  In  en  and  ex  the  vowel  is  omitted,  and  it 
should  be  noticed  that  in  some  words  ex  has  the 
sound  of  A-'.s,  and  in  others  the  sound  of  gz. 

5.  Intro  and  intrans  are  written,  into^  intas. 

KEY    TO    OUTLINES    D. 

1.  Circum,  col,  com,  con,  cor,  contra,  co,  dia,  di,  dif, 
dis,  mis,  post,  per,  pre,  pro,  re,  retro,  sub,  sup,  super, 
sug,  sue,  sura,  sun,  sul,  sur,  trance. 

2.  Circumstance,  collateral,  columbus,  coliimbia,  com- 
prise, consume,  consist,  conceal,  correspond,  coroner,  co- 
laborer,  coeternal,  diagonal,  diverse,  difficult,  dismiss, 
mistake,  postpone,  post-office,  pervade,  perjure,  personal, 
precede,  proceed,  preside,  provide,  remain,  retain,  etc. 

3.  Submit,  support,  supersc:  ihe,  suggest,  succeed, 
surround,  sylvan,  sympathy,  syntax,  supplant,  subdue, 
superstition,  success,  sliver,  silver,  symptom,  sunset,  sun- 
rise, pretext,  reduce,  reproduce,  restrict. 


IfeaMna    Itcreisc,     9 


) 


^     ^o 


■   y  \  ^  ^  i^. 


KEY  TO  OUTLINE  NO.  20.  101 


KEY    TO    OUTLINES    NO.    20. 


1.  Condense,  conduce,  continue,  contact,  contract,  con- 
test, contrast,  conspicuous,  conspiracy,  conception,  con- 
gress, congressional,  congregate,  consequence,  consequent, 
construe,  constraint,  convene,  convert,  conflict,  conscience, 
conscientious,  consummation,  concern,  consult,  conciliate, 
conjecture,  contribute,  conclusive. 

2.  Inconsiderable,  inconsiderate,  incontinent,  incon- 
testable, uncontaminated,  unconverted,  uncontroverted, 
discontinued,  nnconstitutional,  uncontradicted,  misconcep- 
tion, misconstruction. 

3.  Transpose,  transplant,  transgress,  transcribe,  trans- 
act, transatlantic,  transcend,  translate, 

4.  Interpose,  interrupt,  intervention,  enterprise,  enter- 
tain, interval,  underbid,  understand,  understood,  under- 
rate, disinterested,  uninteresting,  interchangeable,  under- 
score, overboard,  overcome,  inexplicable,  misinformation, 
unimpressionable,  miscellaneous. 

WRITING    EXERCISE    23. 

I  hope  that  in  all  that  relates  to  personal  firmness,  all 
that  concerns  a  just  appreciation  of  the  insignificance  of 
human  life,  —  whatever  maybe  attempted  to  threaten  or 
alarm  a  soul  not  easily  swayed  by  opposition,  or  awed  or 
intimidated  by  menace,  —  a  stout  heart  and  steady  eye, 
that  can  surve}^,  unmoved  and  undaunted,  any  mere  per- 
sonal perils  that  assail  this  poor,  transient,  perishing  frame, 
—  I  may,  without  disparagement,  compare  with  other  men. 
But  there  is  a  sort  of  courage  which,  I  frankly  confess  it, 
I  do  not  possess  ;  a  boldness  to  which  I  dare  not  aspire  ; 
a  valor  which  I  cannot  covet.  I  cannot  lay  myself  down 
in  the  way  of  the  welfare  and  the  happiness  of  my  coun- 
try. That  I  cannot,  I  have  not  the  courage  to  do.  I  can- 
not interpose  the  power  with  which  I  may  be  invested  — 
a  power  conferred  not  for  my  personal  benefit  nor  for  my 
aggrandizement,  but  for  my  country's  good  —  to  check  her 
onward  march  to  greatness  and  glory.  I  have  not  cour- 
age enough,  I  am  too  cowardly  for  that.  —  Henry  Clay. — 
180  words. 


CHAPTER  X. 

PHRASE    WRITING    AND    VARIABLE    LETTERS. 

Kemauk. — The  absence  of  position  enables  the  writer  of 
Taclij'graphy  to  join  words  into  phrases  with  no  (lillicnlt}'.  But 
in  order  to  make  tlicm  of  the  greatest  vahie  tlie  student  shonUl 
observe  the  following  directions  ;  — 

73.  1.  Phrase  signs  should  be  brief,  expressing  the 
union  of  only  two  or  three  sltort  words.  Long  words 
are  never  phrased.  In  extreme  cases  four  words 
may  be  joined,  but  the  greater  number  of  phrases 
should  consist  of  only  two,  or,  at  most,  three  words. 

2.  Only  words  that  are  joined  in  sense  can  be 
made  into  phrases.  If  two  words  are  separated  by  a 
pause  of  any  kind,  they  can  not  be  phrased.  If  they 
do  not  belong  together  in  sense  they  should  be 
written  apart. 

3.  Words  may  be  joined  in  sense,  and  be  of  con- 
venient length,  and  still  it  will  be  improper  to  join 
them  into  phrases  if  they  do  not  unite  readily. 
Better  disjoin  than  make  a  bad  joining. 

Remark  1  — If  these  suggestions  are  carefully  heeded  phrases 
may  be  made  of  service.  Carelessly  used,  phrase  Avriting  will  be 
likely  to  do  more  harm  than  good. 

Remahk  2. — Phrase  signs  must  ])e  rendered  familiar  by  drill- 
ing on  them  the  same  as  the  word  forms;  while  unfamiliar  tliey 
Avill  be  of  little  service.  It  is  best  for  most  persons  to  use  only 
a  few  phrase  signs  and  to  make  them  of  the  greatest  use. 

KEY    TO    OUTLINES    E. 

1.     And  the,  of  the,  to  the,  that  the,  in  the,  is  the,  for 
the,  have  the,  by  the,  as  the,  on  the,  f)-om  the,  at  tlie,  of 
it,  of  this,  of  lliem,  of  iis,  to  it,  to  you,  to  be,  to  have,  to 
103 


104  1 

2   3-y  i-x./^  ""--t  ^ 


utfines      E 


^     v^  "W   ?^ 


^  ^. 


KEY  TO  OUTLINES  E.  105 

do,  to  which,  to  me,  to  him,  to  them,  that  is,  that  lias, 
that  would,  that  we,  that  they,  is  it,  is  to,  is  not,  is  this. 

2.  It  is,  it  was,  it  has,  it  had,  it  would,  it  ought,  it 
shall,  it  can,  it  may,  it  should,  in  it,  in  which,  in  his,  in 
this,  iu  me,  in  them  in  its,  in  us,  in  time,  in  case,  in  some, 
in  such,  in  no,  you  have,  you  shall,  you  do,  you  will,  you 
would,  you  did,  you  may,  you  are,  you  know,  you  can,  you 
could. 

3.  Be  sure,  for  that,  for  it,  from  it,  for  which,  from 
which,  for  these,  for  this,  from  this,  for  me,  for  some, 
from  some,  forasmuch,  on  the,  on  which,  on  no,  on  one, 
on  this,  on  us,  on  some,  have  been,  have  tliey,  have  we, 
have  you,  they  have,  they  would,  they  may,  they  shall, 
shall  I.  shall  we,  shall  be,  shall  have,  shall  they,  he  will, 
he  would,  he  had,  he  has,  he  may,  he  can,  will  have,  will. 
they,  will  do,  will  this,  will  that. 

OUTLINES    F. 

1.  We  have,  we  shall,  we  shall  be,  we  can,  we  can  be, 
we  know,  we  do,  we  must,  we  ma}',  we  are,  who  is,  who 
will,  who  shall,  who  may,  who  can,  which  is,  which  one, 
which  way,  which  would,  which  had,  wiiieh  has,  whiih 
will,  and  I,  and  you,  and  the,  and  these,  and  they,  and 
can  we,  and  have  we,  and  shall  we,  and  do  they,  may  be, 
may  not. 

2.  I  have,  I  have  been,  I  shall,  I  shall  be,  I  can,  I  can 
be,  I  can  have,  I  am,  I  ma}'  be,  I  will,  I  will  do,  I  will  be, 
I  will  not,  have  you  been  ?  have  you  seen  ?  are  they  ?  are 
we?  are  you?  shall  we  be?  do  they  suppose?  from  this 
time,  from  this  date,  from  that  time,  at  one  time,  at  any 
time,  at  no  time,  at  soms  time,  at  all  times,  when  we,  when 
they. 

3.  As  well  as,  as  far  as,  as  long  as,  as  soon  as,  as 
much  as,  for  as  much  as,  as  this,  as  that,  as  this  is,  as 
such,  as  we,  for  instance,  at  first,  at  last,  at  least,  at  once, 
to  l)e  sure,  to  have  been,  it  is  said,  it  is  not,  what  would  be, 
what  had  been,  to  which  it  is,  it  seems  to  be,  it  ought  to  be, 
if  there  is,  if  there  were,  if  there  was,  there  were,  it  is 
necessary,  it  is  unnecessary,  on  account,  on  this  account, 
do  you  suppose  ?  do  you  know  ?  did  you  know  ? 


106  WRITING  EXERCISE  24. 

PERSONAL    PRONOUN    PHRASES. 
WRITING    EXERCISE    24. 

I  have,  I  have  been,  I  have  not,  I  have  not  been,  I  will, 
I  will  be,  I  will  have,  I  will  have  been,  I  will  not,  I  will 
not  be,  I  will  not  have,  I  will  not  have  been,  I  shall,  I 
shall  be,  I  shall  have,  I  shall  have  been,  I  shall  not,  I 
shall  not  be,  I  shall  not  have,  I  shall  not  have  been,  I 
would,  I  would  be,  I  would  have,  I  would  have  been,  I 
would  not,  I  would  not  be,  I  would  not  have,  I  would  not 
have  been,  I  had,  I  had  been,  I  had  not,  I  had  not  been, 
I  can,  1  can  be,  I  cannot,  I  cannot  be,  I  am,  I  am  not, 
I  may,  I  may  not,  I  may  not  be,  I  may  have  been,  I 
might,  I  might  be,  I  might  have  been,  I  must,  I  must  be, 
1  must  not,  I  must  not  have  been,  I  must  have  been,  have 
1?  have  I  been?  have  I  not?  shall  J?  shall  I  be?  shall  I 
have?  shall  I  not?  shall  I  not  be?  sliall  I  not  have? 
would  I  ?  would  I  be  ?  would  I  have  ?  would  I  have  been  ? 
would  I  not  ?  would  I  not  be  ?  would  I  not  have  ?  would  I 
not  have  been?  had  I?  had  I  been?  had  I  not?  had  I  not 
been?  you  have,  you  have  been,  you  have  not,  you  have 
not  been.  —  245  words. 

WRITING    EXERCISE    25. 

He  has,  he  has  been,  he  has  not,  he  has  not  been,  he 
will,  he  will  be,  he  will  have,  he  will  have  been,  he  will 
not,  he  will  not  be,  he  will  not  have  been,  he  would,  he 
would  l)e,  he  would  not,  he  would  not  be,  he  can,  he  can  be, 
he  cannot,  he  cannot  be,  he  could,  he  could  be,  he  could 
not,  he  could  not  be,  he  may,  he  may  be,  he  may  not,  he 
may  not  be,  he  must,  he  must  be,  he  must  not,  he  must 
not  be,  he  might,  he  might  be,  he  should,  he  should  be, 
he  shall,  he  shall  be,  he  shall  not,  he  shall  not  be,  we  have, 
we  have  been,  we  have  not,  we  have  not  been,  we  will,  we 
will  be,  we  will  not,  we  will  not  be,  we  were,  we  were  not, 
we  would,  we  would  not,  we  would  be,  we  would  not  be, 
we  would  have  been,  we  had,  we  had  been,  we  could,  we 
could  be,  we  could  not,  we  could  not  be,  we  cannot,  we 
cannot  be,  we  shall,  we  shall  be,  we  shall  not,  we  shall 


VARIABLE    LETTERS.  107 

not  be,  Tve  should,  we  should  be,  we  are,  we  are  not,  we 
must,  we  must  be,  we  must  not,  we  must  not  be,  they 
have,  thoy  have  been,  they  have  not,  they  have  not  been, 
tliey  would,  they  would  l)e,  they  would  not,  they  wouhl  not 
be,  they  will,  they  will  be,  they  will  not,  they  will  not  be, 
they  shall,  they  shall  be,  they  shall  not,  they  shall  not  be, 
they  should,  they  should  be,  they  can,  they  can  be,  they 
cannot,  they  cannot  be,  —  288  words. 

VARIABLE    LETTERS. 

74.  As  the  curves  The,  Ith,  Era,  and  EI  are  va- 
riable, they  can  be  made  to  face  all  other  curves  in 
one  or  the  other  of  their  forms.  Facing  curves  are 
better  than  opposing  curves,  except  where  they  lie  in 
the  same  direction,  so  these  variable  letters  are 
turned  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  them  face  the  curve 
to  which  they  are  joined. 

Remark.  —  The  only  straight  letter  that  is  variable  is  Ar.  This 
is  so  written  as  to  make  acute  angles,  and  to'  avoid  obtuse 
angles.  Thy  following  rules  enter  more  minutely  into  the  use  of 
these  letters :  — 

RULES    FOR    THE    USE    OF    THE    VARIABLE    LETTERS. 

75.  1.  Ma  is  used  ])efore  all  direct  curves,  as 
given  in  Outlines  21-1,  and  before  Ah,  at,  En,  Ing, 
and  all  the  straight  signs.  El  is  used  after  A  long, 
and  En,  and  with  all  direct  curves. 

2.  La  is  used  before  the  indirect  curves,  all  the 
straight  signs,  and  A  long. 

3.  Ra  is  used  ])efore  the  down  strokes.  Ah,  at. 
En,  Ing,  Wa,  Ha,  and  Ya  ;  and  Ar  is  used  before 
De,  Te,  Ze,  and  Es,  and  the  vocal  E  long. 

Remark.  —  There  is  in  some  cases  a  conflict  of  principles. 
In  such  cases  the  outlines  are  determined  by  couditious  that  can- 
not be  fully  stated  in  rules. 


im  2i 


-^^  r-^  2 


108 

i    '%^^    ^.  O  ) 

\jy^.  c  c  „ .  (  (  v,^ 

2  n  /--  .---^  r^-  ^  /^ — '  o  /^  ^-^^ 

fuffines  Ijo^      2  2 


KEY  TO  OUTLINES  NO.  21.  109 

KEY    TO    OUTLINES    NO.    21. 

1.  Direct  curves  :  e,  et,  it,  ve,  ef,  z,  s,  the,  ith,  ma,  el. 
ludirect  curves :  a,  ai,  ah,  at,  zhe,  ish,  tha,  ath,  en,  iug, 
la,  era. 

2.  Map,  meadow,  music,  method,  memory,  meaning, 
move,  mould,  multiply,  multitude,  melancholy,  mellow, 
miracle,  aim,  blame,  firmament,  among,  amount,  America, 
aimless. 

3.  Labor,  local,  legal,  lead,  lade,  Inugh,  lays,  love, 
live,  leave,  lathe,  lithe,  lethargy,  lonesome,  linger,  lumber, 
line,  lean,  lyric,  learn,  laurel,  liar,  lord. 

4.  Robber,  raker,  rider,  reader,  rougher,  rnsher, 
rather,  ramble,  remember,  renounce,  release,  restore,  root, 
dave,  pear,  rare,  error,  larceny,  relative,  rarefy,  career. 

5.  Murmur,  redeemer,  military,  brigadier,  familiarity, 
dissimilarity,  ameliorate,  humilit}',  heirloom,  manual, 
meteorological,  metropolitan,  monomaniac. 

KEY   TO    OUTLINES    NO.    22. 

1.  Form,  former,  formality,  formerly,  firmly,  deform, 
inform,  misinform,  misinformation,  misform,  letter,  latter, 
lateral,  litter,  literal,  altar,  older,  leader,  easily,  tassel, 
seldom,  soldier,  alienate,  million,  rebellion,  multiplication, 
multitudinously,  mammon,  memorize. 

2.  Disciplinarian,  arithmetical,  mathematical,  contra- 
dictory, infidelity,  pavilion,  dominion,  calculation,  incalcu- 
lable, incommunicable,  iucommunicability,  nonconformity, 
contemporaneous,  homogeueousness,  isothermal,  esthetic, 
irrelevant,  Ireland,  architecture,  aristocratic,  aristocracy, 
melodramatic. 

3.  JNIortification,  fortification,  individuality,  individual, 
analysis,  analytical,  anarchy,  philological,  village,  foliage, 
villanous. 

AVRITING    EXERCISE    26. 

1.  A  full  and  clear  river  is,  in  my  opinion,  the  most 
poetical  object  in  nature.  Pliny  has,  as  well  as  I  recol- 
lect, compared  a  river  to  human  life.  I  have  never  rend 
the  passage  in  his  works,  but  I  have  been  a  hundred  times 


!eabin< 


ercisc.    1 0 


■y- 


r? 


^ 


^^  ^  ")    -^^ ^  '~\>^  "X  ^  ^ —  JL     v*-^ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  27.  HI 

struck  with  the  nnalo<2:y,  particiihirly  amidst  mountain 
scenery.  The  river,  small  and  clear  in  its  origin,  gushes 
forth  from  rocks,  falls  into  deep  glens,  and  wanders  and 
meanders  through  a  wild  and  picturesque  country,  nourish- 
ing only  the  un:  ultivated  tree  or  flower  by  its  dew  or 
spray.  In  this  stale  of  infancy  and  youth,  it  may  be 
compared  to  the  human  mind  in  which  fancy  and  strength 
of  imngiuation  are  predominant.  It  is  more  beautiful 
than  useful.  When  the  different  rills  or  torrents  join  and 
descend  into  the  plain,  it  becomes  slow  and  stately  in  its 
motions.  It  is  applied  to  move  machinery,  to  irrigate 
meadows,  and  to  bear  upon  its  bosom  the  stately  barge. 
In  this  mature  state  it  is  deep,  strong,  and  useful.  As  it 
flows  on  toward  the  sea  it  loses  its  force  and  its  motion, 
and,  at  last,  as  it  were,  becomes  lost  and  mingles  in  the 
mighty  abyss  of  waters. 

2.  A  DiSTiNCTiox.  —  A  Roman  ecclesiastic,  in  reply  to 
whatever  question  might  be  proposed,  began  by  saying, 
"  Distinguo,"  —  I  make  a  distinction.  A  cardinal, 
having  invited  hitn  to  dine,  proposed  to  derive  some 
amusement  for  the  company  from  the  well-known  pecul- 
iarity of  his  guest,  and,  saying  to  him  that  he  had  an 
important  question  to  propose,  he  asked,  "Is  it  in  any 
circumstances  lawful  to  baptize  in  soup?"  "I  make  a 
distinction,"  said  tlie  priest:  "If  you  ask,  Is  it  lawful 
to  baptize  in  soup  in  general,  I  say.  No ;  but  if  you  ask. 
Is  it  lawful  to  baptize  in  your  Excellency's  soup,  I  say, 
Yes ;  for  there  is  really  no  difference  between  it  ancj 
water."  —  395  words. 

WRITING    EXERCISE    27. 

1.  The  SornCKS  of  English  History. — The  sources 
of  the  noblest  rivers  whicli  spread  fertility  over  continents, 


!cciMn< 


cmsc.    1 1 


112 


-  )> 


2      -^  ^/ 

.^^  -\  VX  -x_  >^^   t-^On 


.-^ 


WRITING  EXERCISE  27.  113 

and  bear  richly  laden  fleets  to  the  sea,  are  to  be  sought  in 
wild  and  barren  mountain  tracts,  incorrectly  laid  down  in 
maps,  and  rarely  explored  by  travellers.  To  such  a  tract 
the  history  of  our  country  during  the  thirteenth  century 
may  not  inaptly  be  compared.  Sterile  and  obscure  as  is 
that  portion  of  our  aunals,  it  is  there  that  we  must  seek 
for  the  origin  of  our  freedom,  of  our  prosperity,  and  our 
glory. 

2.  Then  it  was  that  the  great  English  people  was 
formed ;  that  the  national  character  began  to  exhibit 
those  peculiarities  which  it  has  ever  since  retained,  and 
that  our  fathers  l)ecame  emph;itically  islanders,  —  islanders 
not  merely  in  geographical  position,  but  in  their  politics, 
their  feelings,  and  their  manners. 

3.  Then  first  appeared  with  distictness  that  constitu- 
tion which  has  ever  since,  through  all  changes,  preserved 
its  identity,  that  constitut'on  of  which  all  the  other  free 
constitutions  in  the  world  are  copies,  and  which,  in  spite 
of  some  defects,  d  serves  to  be  regarded  as  the  best  un- 
der which  any  great  society  has  ever  existed  during  many 
ages.  Then  it  was  that  tlie  House  of  Commons,  the 
archetype  of  all  the  representative  assemblies  which  now 
meet  either  in  the  Old  or  in  the  New  World,  held  its  first 
sitting.  Then  it  was  that  the  common  law  rose  to  the 
dignity  of  a  science,  and  rapidly  became  a  not  unworthy 
rival  of  the  imperial  jurisprudence.  Then  it  was  that 
the  courage  of  those  sailors  who  manned  the  rude  barks 
of  the  Cinque  Ports  first  made  the  flag  of  p]ngland  ter- 
rible on  the  seas.  Then  it  was  that  the  most  ancient  col- 
legos  which  still  exist  at  both  the  great  national  seats  of 
learning  were  founded. 

4.  Then  was  formed  that  language,  less  musical  indeed 
than  the  languages  of  the  South,  but  in  force,  in  rich- 
ness, in  aptitude  for  all  the  highest  purposes  of  the  poet, 
the  philosopher,  and  the  orator,  inferior  to  the  tongue  of 
Greece  alone.  Then,  too,  appeared  the  first  dawn  of 
that  noble  literature,  the  most  splendid  and  the  most 
durable  of  the  many  glories  of  England. — Macaulay. — 
365  words. 


114 


5   ^v°^\  ' 


^ 


< 


_-  — t-  n 


i. 


-1 


).- V- 


WRITING  EXERCISE  28.  115 


WRITING    EXERCISE    28. 


Exaggeration  of  Present  Evils.  —  It  is  the  nature  of 
man  to  overrate  present  evils,  and  to  underrate  present 
good  ;  to  long  for  what  he  has  not,  and  to  be  dissatisfied 
with  what  he  has.  This  propensity,  as  it  appears  in  individ- 
uals, has  often  been  noticed  both  by  laughing  and  by  weep- 
ing philosophers.  It  was  a  favorite  theme  of  Horace,  of 
Pascal,  of  Voltaire,  and  of  .Johnson  To  its  influence  on 
the  fate  of  great  communities  may  be  ascribed  most  of 
the  revolutions  and  counter-revolutions  recorded  in  his- 
tory. A  hundred  generations  have  passed  away  since  the 
first  great  national  emancipation  of  which  an  account  has 
come  down  to  us.  We  read  in  the  most  ancient  of  books 
that  a  people,  bowed  to  the  dust  under  a  cruel  yoke, 
scourged  to  toil  by  hard  task-masters,  not  supplied  with 
straw,  yet  compelled  to  furnish  the  daih'  tale  of  bricks, 
became  sick  of  life,  and  raised  such  a  cry  as  pierced  the 
heavens.  The  slaves  were  wonderfully  set  free.  At  the 
moment  of  their  liberation  they  raised  a  song  of  gratitude 
and  triumph  ;  but  in  a  few  hours  they  began  to  regret 
their  freedom  and  to  reproach  the  leader  who  decoyed 
them  away  from  the  savory  fare  of  the  house  of  bondage 
to  the  dreary  waste  which  still  separated  them  from  the 
land  of  milk  and  honey.  Since  that  time  the  history  of 
every  great  delivery  has  been  the  history  of  Moses  retold. 
Down  to  the  present  time,  rejoicings  like  those  on  the  shore 
of  the  Red  Sea  have  ever  been  speedily  followed  by  nuir- 
raurings  like  those  at  the  waters  of  strife.  The  most  just 
and  salutary  revolution  must  produce  much  suffering.  The 
most  just  and  salutary  revolution  cannot  produce  all  the 
good  that  has  been  expected  by  men  of  uninstructed  minds 
and  sanguine  tempers.  Even  the  wisest  cannot,  while  it 
is  still  recent,  weigh  quite  fairly  the  evils  which  it  has  re- 
moved ;  for  the  evils  which  it  has  caused  are  felt,  and 
tlie  evils  which  it  has  removed  are  felt  no  longer.  — 
Macaulay.  —  343  words. 


WORKS  ON  SHORT-HAND  WRITING. 


The  Alfabet  Chart.  —  36x44  inches,  50  cents;  three  copies  in  roll $1.00 

The  remainder  of  the  first  edition  will  be  mailed,  folded,  for  25  cents; 
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Chart  Manual.  —  Giving  a  careful  analysis  of  the  sounds  of  the  language 

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each.    Single  parts,  20  cents;  single  keys 25 

Part  I.  treats  of  words  of  one  sj-llableiu  which  there  are  no  consonant 
compounds,  and  gives  about  1,500  of  the  most  useful  words  of  this  class. 

Part  II.  treats  of  words  of  one  or  two  syllables  containing  compound 
signs  of  the  \V,  L,  R,  and  S  series. 

The  Elements  of  Takigrafy  (l-3th  edition). — Entirely  rewritten  and 
rearranged.  This  work  now  embodies  the  author's  ripest  experience, 
and  will  doubtless  remain,  as  in  the  past,  the  standard  work  on  the 
simple  style.    Price  reduced.    Bound  in  boards,  $1.00;  bound  in  cloth,     1.25 

A  Short  Course  in  Business  Short-Hand.  —  A  complete  treatise  on 
the  2d  or  Business  Style,  adapted  to  meet  the  demand  now  made  upon 
the  art  by  nineteen  twentieths  of  all  who  attempt  to  master  it.  Not  only 
amanuenses  but  students  in  our  colleges  and  seminaries  will  find  it  just 

what  they  have  been  looking  for.      Price,  cloth  bound 1.25 

N.  B.  —  The  above  works  are  based  on  the  revised  alphabet. 


The  Young:  Writer's  Primer.  — 16  pages,  illustrated 05 

The  Nutshell.  —  A  .32-page  pamphlet.     Paper,  10  cents;  limp  cloth 25 

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ADDRESS 

OTIS    CLA.PP    &    SOIt^, 

10  ParK  Sqilare,  Boston. 


SHORT-HAND   WRITING. 


TAKIGRAFY  vs.   PHONOGRAPHY. 


The  following  testimonials  are  from  gentlemen  of  char- 
acter and  influence.  They  speak  of  their  own  personal 
experience  with  the  art,  concerning  which  they  are  not 
likely  to  be  mistaken.  Hundreds  of  similar  testimonials 
to  the  superiority  of  Takigrafy  have  been  publislied  froiu 
time  to  time.  They  are  true,  and  give  a  truthful  state- 
ment of  the  relation  of  Takigrafy  to  the  other  systems 
mentioned,  and  to  the  common  long-hand  writing. 

For  list  of  text-books,  or  other  information,  address 
Otis  Clapp  &  Son,  publishers,  or  the  author,  D.  P.  Linds- 
LEY,  817  North  45th  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

TESTIMONIALS. 

[Printed  lolth  a  partial  omission  of  silent  letters.} 


From  Geo.  "W.  Cole,  formerly  Attorney  at  Law,  Torrixg- 

TON,    CONX. 

After  treating  of  the  discuragement  caused  by  the  general  fail- 
ure of  persons  to  master  the  old  Phonography,  and  the  cause  of 
this  failure,  Mr.  Cole  continues  :  — 

"  While  the  authors  of  all  other  systems  hav  labord  to  produce 
a  system  which  wud  meet  the  wants  of  the  profesional  reporter, 
Mr.  Lindslcj'  lias  not  l)een  unmindful  of  the  public  at  large,  and 
it  has  been  his  aim  from  the  very  start  to  produce  a  system  of 
short-hand  writing  that  shal  eventually  supersede  our  present 
oppressiv  long-hand. 

"  Takigrafy  embodies  the  ideal  of  a  perfect  alfabet;  for  it  is 
founded  upon  the  elementary  sounds  of  the  language.  These 
1 


2  TESTIMONIALS. 

number  forty-one,  not  counting,  as  we  liav  said  before,  different 
shades  of  the  same  sound.  Tlie  alfabet  of  Talvigrafy  contains 
forty-one  characters  to  represent  the  elementary  sounds.  Each 
cliaracter  invariabl}'  stands  for  tlie  same  sound  wlierever  found. 
Unlike  the  characters  of  the  common  long-hand,  these  are  com- 
posed of  strait  and  curved  lines,  which  are  capable  of  being 
made  with  one  strolve  of  the  pen.  By  the  use  of  such  forms  we 
are  enabled  to  gain  much  speed  in  Avriting.  In  our  common 
writing  the  letter  m,  for  instance,  requires  seven  strokes  to  com- 
plete it;  now  if  we  can  represent  this  sound  by  one  stroke  of 
the  pen  we  hav  certainly  made  a  great  gain. 

"  The  caracters  are  so  arranged  that  lineality  of  writing  is  se- 
cured, and  the  words  flow  from  the  pen  easily  and  natui'ally. 
When  written  it  is  butif ul  in  appearance,  and  is  as  perfectly  legi- 
ble as  the  printed  page.  Unlike  Phonography,  it  is  Avritten  only 
in  one  position ;  that  is,  upon  the  ordinary  line  of  writing,  as  in 
long-hand.  The  word-forms  are  distinguisht,  therefore,  not  as 
in  Phonography,  by  the  position  they  occupy  with  reference  to 
the  line  of  writing,  but  by  the  outline  itself  of  the  word.  The 
certainty  of  the  word  intended  is  further  secured  by  writing  the 
vowels  in  their  natural  i)laces  between  the  consonants.  This  not 
only  renders  the  word  intended  apparent,  but  also  ads  to  the 
speed  in  writing,  as  we  hav  shown  al:)ove." 

Prom  Dij.  Edwakd  Aiken,  Amhkrst,  N.  H. 

I  am  sure  Takigrafy  is  the  best  system,  and  that  it  has  special 
advantages  over  Phonography,  for  I  hav  studied  them  both. 

In  the  first  place,  in  point  of  lineality :  Mr.  Isaac  Pitman,  in 
his  effort  to  make  a  filosofical  arrangement  of  the  consonant 
sounds,  neglected  to  provide  for  this  feature,  so  that  ther  is  a 
tendency  to  upright,  perpendicular  word-forms  in  Phonography, 
making  a  caracter  some  like  Chinese  and  Japanese. 

Again,  as  to  the  voivels  :  His  rules  for  "  position"  are  burden- 
some to  the  memory  and  necessitate  tiie  use  of  ruled  lines, 
besides  being  detrimental  to  speed.  Being  disconnected,  the 
vowels  cannot  be  combined  with  the  consonant  signs,  and  time 
is  lost  in  so  frequently  raising  the  pen  and  calculating  just  where 
is  the  proper  place ;  a  difficulty  stil  more  patent  in  reading,  when 


TESTIMONIALS.  3 

a  minute  change  in  the  location  of  a  \'o\vcl  point  inalccs  a  great 
clitlerence  as  to  tlie  sonnd. 

Finally,  Takigrafij  Jufs  a  Simple  Stijle,  Phonofjraphy  has  not. 
This  may  justly  be  calld  the  crouning  glory  of  Takigrafy  !  It  is 
easily  lernt,  written,  antl  red.  This  fact  alone  siuid  settle  the 
question  as  to  wliich  system  is  best  for  scools.  Takigrafy  is 
without  a  rival,  Avherever  a  simple,  legible,  and  rapid  system  of 
chirography  is  desired. 

From  Rea-.  Arthur  Edwards,  Ed.  N.  W.  Christiax  Advocate, 
Chicago. 

I  once  tried  in  earnest  to  lern  Pitman's  system,  but  I  never 
attaind  a  speed  of  over  sixty  words  per  minit.  On  the  other 
hand,  without  any  flxt  determination  to  acquire  Takigrafy,  my 
mere  curiosity  has  carried  me  forward  to  a  speed  of  one  hundred 
words  per  minit.  How  all  this  has  come  about  I  do  not  know, 
imles  Takigrafy  is  superior,  of  which  latter  I  have  not  a  morsel 
of  dout. 

From  G.  W.  Clarke,  A.  M.,  Mount  Uniox,  Ohio,  Sec.  of  the 
Faculty  of  Mt.  Union  College. 

Our  experiens  during  the  ten  years  that  Phonograph}'  was 
taut  in  the  College  was  so  unsatisfactory,  and  the  result  was 
so  meagre  compared  with  what  Takigrafy  has  done  for  us.dur- 
ing  as  long  a  period  since,  that  I  feel  constraind,  as  an  educator, 
who  has  no  personal  interest  in  the  matter,  to  urge  you  to  use  all 
diligence  to  secure  the  introduction  of  Mr.  Lindsley's  System. 
I  do  not  know  of  a  dozen,  from  all  the  classes  taut  here  in  Pho- 
nography, who  hav  made  any  use  of  it  after  they  left  the  classes, 
Avhereas  a  large  portion  of  the  pupils  in  Takigrafy  hav  practist 
it  in  their  daily  intercourse  and  busines. 

From  M.  J.  Smith,  .Jenifer,  Ala. 

My  succes  in  Phonography  was  nothing  in  comparison  with 
my  succes  in  Takigrafy.  I  felt  in  my  very  bones  that  it  was  im- 
practicable for  the  many.  Now  I  am  just  as  sure  that  Takigrafy 
can  be  taut  to  children  and  lernd  by  them,  and  tiuit  succesfully, 
under  a  judicius  teacher.     Those  who  write  Phonography  are 


4  TESTIMONIALS. 

like  caged  birds.  Tlie  writers  of  Tal<igrafy  are  like  birds  on 
tlie  wing,  —  they  liav  perfect  freedom  in  the  use  of  their  sys- 
tem. .  .  . 

I  i^eliev  that  Takigrafj^  is  making  more  reporters  than  all  the 
other  systems.  I  am  coming  to  a  Arm  conviction  that  it  is  not 
worth  while  to  think  anything  of  what  Phonographers  hav  to 
say.     Takigrafy  wil  liv  when  Phonography  is  burid  in  history. 

From  Rev.  Arxey  S    Biddle,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

I  studied,  practist,  and  taut  Phonography  for  five  years  and 
was  greatly  prejudist  in  favor  of  that  sy'stem.  I  cud  write  about 
one  hundred  words  per  minit,  and  thaut  ther  was  nothing  l)etter. 
I  was  very  wel  acquainted  with  three  prominent  systems  of  Pho- 
nography, viz.,  Pitman,  Graham,  and  Munson,  and,  while  admir- 
ing many  things  in  the  latter,  confined  myself  to  the  former.  It 
is  needless  to  say  how^  I  came  to  take  up  Takigrafj'.  I  enterd 
upon  its  examination  full  of  prejudice  against  it;  but  after  a 
thoro  examination,  reaching  over  a  period  of  several  months,  I 
saw  its  superiority,  and  decided  to  change.  The  result  has  been 
highly  satisfactory  to  myself  ever  since.  In  but  a  short  time,  my 
speed  rose  to  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  words  per  minute,  and 
I  had  the  satisfaction  of  being  able  to  read  my  reports  of  ser- 
mons, lectures,  etc.,  with  ease,  after  "they  had  becom  cold." 
I  use  my  short-hand  in  everything  in  which  it  is  possible  to  be 
used,  and  do  not  think  it  wud  be  an  over-estimate  of  its  value 
to  saj^  that  I  wud  not  l)e  without  it  for  oue  thousaud  dollars. 

Fkoji    Rev.    J.    M.    Robixsox,    Ann    Arbor,    Mich.,  now  at 
Detroit,  Mich. 

]\Iy  experience  with  Phonography  was  anything  but  satis- 
factory. About  ten  years  ago,  in  company  with  some  ten  or 
a  dozen  other  yung  persons,  I  began  the  study  of  Pitman's 
Phonography,  under  (as  I  supposed)  a  competent  teacher.  In 
les  than  three  months  every  member  of  that  class  but  myself 
had  becum  discuraged  and  disgusted,  and  had  given  up  the 
study.  I  had  great  faith  in  it,  and  persevered  for  a  long  time, 
hoping  to  gain  simply  a  practical  knowledr/e  of  the  Art.  Put  I 
had  to  giv  it  up.     I  was  forced  to  the  conclusion,  that,  fov  jyrac- 


TESTIMONIALS.  5 

tical  purposes,  Phonograph}'  was  not  worth  the  expens  and  labor 
required  to  master  it. 

I  took  up  Takigrafy  tvithortt  an  instructor,  and  in  a  fcio  iceeks 
had  so  masterd  it  as  to  be  able  to  read  it  quite  easily,  and  to 
write  it  witli  considerable  speed  and  accuracy.  I  now  use  it  in 
all  my  writing,  read  it  as  retlily  as  long-hand,  and  wud  not  be 
without  it  for  any  price.  I  hav  not  the  least  dout  of  its  com- 
plete success,  wherever  properly  introdust.  It  wud  prove  a  great 
blessing  if  taught  in  our  public  scools  as  a  part  of  the  regular 
course  of  study. 

Fkom  Rev.  J.  H.  Guilds,  Northbridge,  Mass. 

I  flatter  myself  that  I  am  as  easy  to  lern  as  the  average  of 
people,  but  I  hav  tried  two  diferent  systems  of  Phonography, 
and  given  them  up ;  concluding  that  short-hand  was  not  at  all 
practicable  for  any  except  those  who  can  devote  their  whole  time 
to  it,  and  who  expect  to  make  reporting  their  life  work;  and  I 
ara  positiv  that  no  person  even  then  can  succeed  in  it  (Pho- 
nography) unles  he  has  unusual  abilities.  After  I  was  graduated 
from  college  I  went  to  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Andover, 
and  found  there  a  writer  of  Mr.  Lindsley's  Takigrafy.  He  tried 
to  persuade  me  to  take  it  up,  but  I  thaut  I  had  seen  enuf  of 
short-hand.  After  a  year,  however,  I  concluded  to  giv  Takigrafy 
a  trial,  and  I  was  perfectly  astonisht  at  the  result.  I  found  that 
I  cud  lern  it  with  tenfold  more  ease  than  I  cud  Phonography. 
I  found  it  a  marvel  of  simplicity.  .  .  . 

I  can  take  a  sermon  that  I  hav  not  lookt  at  for  two  years,  and 
read  it  as  redily  as  if  I  had  1)ut  just  writeu  it.  It  is  as  legible  as 
our  common  printing.  I  know  whereof  I  affirm  Avhen  I  say, 
that,  for  simplicity,  buty,  ease  of  lerning,  legibility,  and  practical 
adaptation  to  the  wants  of  all  classes,  it  is  immeasurably  beyond 
Phonography.    Ther  is  no  comparison  to  be  made  between  them. 

From  Prof.  I.  W.  McKeever,  Adrian  College,  Mich.,  now 
Pastor  of  the  Cong'l  Church,  Luddington,  Mich. 

From  my  own  experience  I  am  convinst  that  Phonography  can 
never  be  adapted  to  tlie  wants  of  the  people,  or  to  the  require- 
ments of  every-day  busines. 


6  TESTIMONIALS. 

A  number  of  3'ears  ago  I  studied  Phonography,  and  tried  very 
ernestly  to  make  it  of  practical  use  to  me  in  my  literary  work. 
While  engaged  in  that  effort,  full  of  hope  and  enthuziasm,  I 
organized  classes  in  this  institution,  and  for  several  years  kept 
up  the  struggle  patiently.  At  length  I  very  reluctantly  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  it  was  labor  in  vain,  and  gave  it  up  in  dis- 
gust. I  do  notknoio  of  a  single  student  that  ever  made  it  available 
for  practical  purposes. 

Four  or  five  years  ago  (1872  or  1873)  ayung  frend,  who  was  a 
former  pupil,  gave  me  a  copy  of  Lindsley's  Elements  of  Takigrafy. 
I  had  becum  so  disgusted  with  my  eff'ort  at  Phonography,  how- 
ever, that  I  threw  it  to  one  side,  thinking  all  short-hand  Avriting 
a  humbug.  After  two  or  three  years  I  was  persuaded  to  look 
into  it.  I  became  interested,  and  studied  it,  and  am  now  using 
it  with  great  advantage  in  my  work.  It  is  now  taut  in  this  col- 
lege with  abundant  success.  I  knoio  of  no  one  who  has  faild  to 
make  it  of  use  to  him,  after  giving  it  a  proper  amount  of  time  and 
attention,  and  a  number  hav  becum p)roficient  verbatim  reporters. 

FiiOM  Edwin  Miller,  P.  M.,  Guant  City,  Sac  County,  Iowa. 

When  I  was  about  Mr.  H.'s  age  (sixteen  years)  I  was  ambi- 
tius  to  become  a  short-hand  writer.  "How  nice  it  wud  be,"  I 
thaut,  "to  be  alile  to  write  as  fast  as  one  cud  talk !  How  many 
stories  I  cud  tel  to  my  frends  at  a  distance  if  I  cud  talk  on  paper 
as  fast  as  by  word  of  mouth !  "  I  baut  a  copy  of  Gould's  Stenog- 
raph}', but  I  never  lernd  to  Avrite  as  fast  as  I  cud  talk,  and  never 
told  many  stories  to  my  distant  frends  by  its  use.  Some  six  or 
ait  years  later  I  got  hold  of  some  f  onetic  printing  in  The  Tipe  of 
the  Times,  and  Longley's  and  Pitman's  works  on  Plionography ; 
and  I  thaut  surely  the  milleiiium  of  writing  had  cum. 

For  years  Pitman's  Reporter's  Companion  was  my  companion, 
almost  by  day  and  by  night.  I  hav  studied  it  for  hours  together 
Avlieu  riding  on  horseback,  so  anxious  was  I  to  master  its  word 
and  f raze  signs.  I  joind  a  few  corresponding  circles,  but  they 
were  short-lived.  I  however  continued  to  make  some  use  of  it 
in  a  private  way,  until  about  four  years  ago ;  and  after  thirty 
years'  agony  with  Phonography,  it  is  not  much  to  be  wonderd 
at  that  when  a  frend  proposed  that  I  shud  examine  Takigrafy 


TESTIMONIALS.  7 

I  was  skeptical.  I  cud  not  see  liow  a  simple  rearrangement  of 
the  caractcrs  wud  help  the  matter  much,  ami  as  for  joining  tlic 
vocals  as  we  wrote,  I  was  sure  that  wutl  make  a  botch  of  it. 
And  it  was  only  because  I  happend  to  hav  leizure  just  at  lliat 
time  that  I  cud  use  in  that  way  just  as  wel  as  not  that  I  was 
induced  to  take  it  up  at  all. 

In  regard  to  my  success  I  can  only  say  as  others  say  on  every 
hand  :  "  The  more  I  Ijecome  acfjuainted  with  it  the  better  I  like 
it."  My  individual  gain  in  its  use  lias  not  been  les  than  four 
hundred  per  cent,  as  I  hav  dubled  my  speed  of  writing,  and  write 
the  same  am(5unt  with  one  quarter  of  the  fatigue. 

The  system  is  so  fllosofical,  so  truthful,  and  so  butiful  tliat  it 
shud  be  lernd  for  truth's  sake.  If  Takigrafy  had  been  braut 
to  my  notice  at  an  early  age  it  wud  hav  been  a  great  benefit  to 
me  in  my  life's  work,  and  thru  me  to  others,  as  I  spent  sum  years 
lu  teaching.  It  seems  to  me  that  this  system  of  writing  must 
surely  l)ecome  general.  It  is  quite  astonishing  to  see  how  many 
Takigrafers  there  are  who  were  once  Fhonographers. 

From  E.  U.  Jones,  M.  D.,  Taunton,  Mass. 

I  use  Takigrafy  in  my  daily  memoranda,  in  taking  notes  of  my 
cases,  in  writing  the  first  draft  of  adreses,  and  papers  for  pub- 
lication, in  making  extracts  from  books,  etc.,  etc.  It  does  for 
me  what  I  hopt  Phonograph}'-  Avud  hav  done  years  ago.  But  tho 
I  studied  Phonography  faithfully  for  many  months,  I  was  never 
able  to  make  it  of  suflicicnt  use  to  supersede  an  abbreviated 
long-hand,  and  after  I  had  made  notes  in  it,  it  took  me  so  long 
to  read  it,  and  I  was  so  uncertain  about  any  unusual  word  —  if 
some  time  had  elapst  since  it  was  written  —  that  the  actual  time 
consumetl  Avas  greater  tlian  if  I  had  written  out  my  notes  in  full 
long-hand.     But  it  is  all  difterent  with  Takigrafy. 

In  my  oflice  as  Secretary  of  our  State  Medical  Society,  I  was 
desirus  of  making  better  reports  of  discnsions  than  had  been 
previusly  made.  I  thaut  of  my  long-desired  Phonography.  I 
again  studid  it,  but  at  the  end  of  three  months  found  so  little 
pi'actical  progres  that  I  threw  it  aside.  Just  then  a  notice  of 
the  "  Compendium  of  Takigrafy  "  appeared  in  the  Congrcgation- 
alist.     I  obtaiud  it,  and  in  one  week  was  able  to  write  a  letter 


8  TESTIMONIALS. 

in  Takigrafy  to  Mr.  Linclsley,  and,  what  surprised  me  most,  was 
perfectly  able,  tho  rather  sloly,  to  read  his  answer.  In  three 
months  I  was  able  to  make  my  reports  in  Takigrafy,  using  only 
the  common  style ;  and  I  use  no  other  style  now.  The  simplicity 
of  its  letters  and  word-forms,  the  fewnes  of  its  fraze-signs,  its 
lineality,  its  true  funeticalncs,  its  minimum  amount  of  memoriz- 
ing, its  perfect  legibility,  even  after  years  hav  past,  the  ease  with 
which  the  epistles  of  others  —  often  carelessly  written,  and  in 
unrecognized  chirografy  —  may  be  red,  the  ease  witliAvhich  it  is 
taut,  its  adaptation  to  the  urgent  need  of  education,  make  it,  so 
far  as  my  knolege  and  needs  go,  the  very  best  of  all  fonetic 
S3^stems.  These  are  the  points  in  which  it  especially  excels 
^  Plionography. 

I  hope  the  time  may  come  when  it  wil  be  taut  in  our  scools,  for 
it  wil  hav  a  great  influence  in  giving  us  a  purer  and  more  fonetic 
orthograf3\  The  very  difficulties  of  Phonography  —  its  multi- 
plicity of  symbols,  the  amount  of  memorizing  needed,  etc.  — 
prevent  it  from  doing  what  Takigrafy  can.  Push  it  all  you  can, 
for  it  is  worthy. 

EuoM  Arthur  M.  May,   Officiai-    Reporter    to    the  Tenth 
Judicial  District,  Waukon,  Iowa. 

I  commenst  the  study  of  Phonography  in  1854,  when  a  boy,  and 
studied  it  faithfully  for  years.  My  first  book  was  Webster's 
Phonografic  Teacher.  Then  followed  Elias  Longley's  Manual, 
Benn  Pitman's  Manual,  Reporter's  Companion,  Phrase  Book, 
Readers,  etc.,  including  all  his  publications;  also  the  old  works 
of  Andrews  and  Boyle,  Booth's,  Isaac  Pitman's  and  other  that 
I  do  not  now  recall,  together  with  R.  P.  Prosser's  Fonografic 
and  Fonetic  Jurnal,  Pitman's  Magazines,  etc.,  for  referens,  com- 
parison, and  information. 

I  began  teaching  classes  in  Phonography  in  what  is  now  Ripon 
College,  Wis.,  in  1857-51),  and  labored  at  it  faithfully  and  enthu- 
siastically. I  taut  classes  and  individuals  in  Beloit  College,  Wis., 
in  18G0-G4,  and  individuals,  to  some  extent,  in  the  Union 
Theological  Seminary  in  New  York  City,  in  18G4-67. 

In  the  Avinter  of  18G8-69,  I  taut  Phonography  to  classes  in  the 
High  Scool  of  AVaukon,  Iowa,  of  which  I  was  at  the  time  prin- 


TESTIMONIALS.  9 

cipal.  During  one  of  the  Phonographic  class  recitations  a  lady 
visitor  askt  me  if  there  was  not  a  better  system  of  short-liand 
than  Phonography.  I  told  her  without  hesitation  I  did  not 
believ  ther  was,  or  cud  be ;  for  the  fonetic  foundation  principle 
Avas  right,  the  caracters  tlie  most  simple  that  cud  be  formd,  and 
the  system  was  the  result  of  the  study  and  labor  of  many  minds 
enthusiastically  devoted  to  its  improvement  for  more  than 
thirty  years ;  that  I  had  bant  and  examind  boolvs  and  instruc- 
tions for  several  difcrent  systems  to  find  a  better  one,  or  ira- 
provments,  and  cud  not ;  that  as  compared  with  Plionography  all 
the  others  were  failures.  She  replied  that  a  f rend  of  hers  had 
begun  the  study  of  a  system  that  was  also  fonetic,  that  the 
caracters  were  the  same,  but  diferently  arranged,  and  that  those 
representing  the  consonants  and  vowels  followed  each  other  in 
regular  succesion  in  the  written  word  without  lifting  the  pen. 
My  reply  was,  that  from  her  statement,  without  further  investi- 
gation, I  shud  consider  it  a  bungling  and  unwieldy  system,  and 
especially  not  adapted  to  reporting  purposes ;  but  if  she  wud 
giv  me  the  addres  of  tlie  publishers  whicli  she  remembered  I 
wud  send  for  and  examin  it,  which  was  done. 

I  obtaind  the  "Elements  of  Takigrafy"  at  first  mainly  for 
the  purpose  of  proving  to  myself  that  the  system  was  Avorthles, 
or  a  fraud,  as  I  had  done  with  other  systems.  The  author's  name 
looked  familiar.  I  turnd  to  my  "  American  Fonetic  Association  " 
records,  and  found  him  to  be  a  fellow-member,  and  to  the  old 
files  of  fonetic  papers  of  Cincinnati,  "  The  Type  of  the  Times," 
and  "Fonetic  Jurnal,"  publisht  before  the  war,  in  which  his 
name  often  appeared  as  a  fonetic  teacher. 

Then  I  read  his  "  Introduction  to  the  Elements  of  Takigrafy." 
AVlien  read,  my  opinion  was,  "it  is  unanswerable."  It  was 
almost  like  a  fotograf  of  much  of  my  own  experience.  I  cros- 
questiond  myself  on  the  subject,  and  had  reluctantly  to  admit 
that  the  evidence,  as  I  knew  it  to  be,  showd  Phonography  to  be 
a  failure ;  not,  perhaps,  for  a  chosen  few,  but  for  the  people, 
the  masses,  and  for  common,  every-day  life  and  busines.  I  cud 
see  plainly,  as  for  a  long  time  it  had  been  forcing  itself  on  my 
mind,  that  it  was  a  failure.  From  that  time  I  wud  never  teach  it 
another  hour,  or  recommend  it  to  any  one ;  and  my  stock  of 
"  Manuals  of  Phonography,"  for   use   by   clas   pupils,  is  stil  on 


10  TESTIMONIALS. 

hand,  uot  to  be  sold  or  given  away  for  the  purpose  of  studying 
sliort-hand  from  them. 

Ou  my  "  conversion"  the  matter  presented  itself  to  my  mind 
in  this  way.  By  years  of  toil  and  study,  as  much  as  I  ever  put 
on  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  combined,  in  collegiate  and  semi- 
nary courses  I  hav  got  Phonography  so  that  /  can  use  it,  and  it 
Avil  not  pay  7)ie  to  change  to  Takigrufy;  but  to  all  inquiring,  I 
unhesitatingly  recommended  Takigrafy. 

I  began  reporting  in  1858,  and  hiv  foUowd  it  more  or  les  ever 
since.  In  1S72,  when  law  reportei's  were  authorized  for  tlie 
courts  of  Iowa,  I  was  appointed  reporter  for  the  Tenth  Judicial 
District,  six  counties.  When  the  '  Note-Taker"  of  Takigrafy 
Avas  publisht,  I  obtaind  it,  read  it,  and  recommended  it,  but  stil 
thaut  that  it  wud  not  pay  me  to  make  the  change,  as  I  cud  not 
get  the  time  to  devote  to  it;  and  was  compeld  every  day  to  make 
a  diflferent  use  of  the  same  caracters  in  Phonography  in  court 
reporting.  But  the  logic,  ease,  and  simplicity  of  Takigrafy 
causd  me  to  turn  to  it  for  purposes  of  comparison,  etc. ,  each 
time  resulting  in  a  confirmation  of  my  judgment  of  its  superi- 
ority ;  and  finally,  Avith  scarcely  any  practical  preparation,  — 
being  much  les  than  a  month,  —  I  succesf  ully  made  the  change 
from  Phonography  to  Takigrafy  for  reporting,  in  the  summer  of 
1874, — and  time  and  practis  onlj'  strengthen  my  good  opinion 
of  the  latter. 

Of  all  the  pupils  I  ever  taut  in  Phonography,  I  cannot  Avith 
certainty  name  one  who  makes  practical  use  of  it  to-daj',  tho 
some  of  them  were  at  one  time  fair  reporters,  —  for  Phonogra- 
phers,  — but  their  notes  ai'e  to  them  now  as  a  dead  language. 

I  can  point  to  more  who  hav  made  Takigrafy  succesf  ul  than 
of  succesful  Phonographic  students  for  the  twenty  5'ears  pre- 
ceding. It  is  emphatically  the  system  for  the  use  of  everybody, 
in  its  simple  form,  Avhile  for  reporting  it  is  the  best  system  yet 
braut  before  the  public. 

It  shud  be  one  of  the  required  studies  in  our  common  scools. 
It  wil  take  only  a  few  Aveeks  to  lern  it  so  as  to  make  it  practical, 
while  Phonography  requires  years.  And  after  devoting  years  of 
study  to  Phonography,  it  is  a  failure,  except  as  to  a  verj'  few — 
les  than  one  in  a  thousand  of  those  who  undertake  to  lern  it. 


CONDENST  PRESS  NOTICES. 


Its  principles  [Takis;rafy]  are  so  clear  that  they  can  lie  iinilcrstood  with  an 
hour's  study.  .  .  .  The  letters  are  almost  invariable,  and  as  easily  memorized  as 
the  ordinary  Roman  characters;  a  single  impulse  of  the  hand  forms  each  letter. 
There  are  as  few  detacht  marks  as  in  the  ordinary  chirography,  and  the  writing 
is  fluent  and  easy.  .  .  .  Wa  feel  certain  that  to  editors,  clergymen,  and  the  whole 
vast  and  increasing  body  of  literary  men  it  must  prove  to  be  a  great  advantage, 
and  we  commend  it  to  the  attention  of  teachers  as  a  system  which  might  very 
well  be  taught  in  schools.  —  T/ie  Atlantic  Monthly. 

If  any  person  were  to  say  that  there  are  contained  in  this  nnpretending  vol- 
ume, "  The  Elements  of  Takigrafy,"  the  elements  of  one  of  the  greatest  intel- 
lectual improvements  of  modern  times,  his  assertion  wud  seem  to  be  extravagant. 
Yet  those  wlio  have  become  familiar  with  the  system  of  rajiid  writing  of  which 
Mr.  Lindsley  is  the  inventor  know  that  the  assertion  is  true  to  the  letter. — 
W.  S.  B.,  in  the  Churchman,  Hartford,  Conn. 

We  are  sure  that  the  general  use  of  Mr.  Lindsley's  system  wud  shortly  effect 
as  great  changes  in  writing  as  the  locomotive  has  brought  about  in  travelling. 

—  Boston  Sunday  Courier. 

Its  practical  utility  has  been  demonstrated  beyond  cavil.  The  principles, 
which  are  as  simple  as  the  multiplication- table,  are  readily  comprehended  by  the 
youngest  learner.  .  .  .  It  is  adapted  to  the  wants  of  students  and  literary  men. 

—  Boston  Journal. 

Mr.  Lindsley  has,  as  Horace  Mann  said,  "  I'honogratied  Phonography. "  — 
Christian  Standard,  Allianci',  Ohio. 

As  to  "  Corresponding  Styles,"  we  believe  that  there  are  none  at  all  compar- 
able with  that  in  Takigrafy.  We  indorse  this  because  of  its  use  to  the  masses. 
In  the  "  Reporting  8tyle,"  Takigrafy  is  not  inferior.  —  North  Western  Christian 
Advocate,  Chicago. 

Takigrafy,  avoiding  the  stumbling-blocks  of  its  predecessors,  has  at  last 
developed  into  that  ideal  writing  which  has  filled  the  brains  of  phoneticians  for 
these  many  years.  At  once  the  very  embodiment  of  grace  and  beauty,  its  sim- 
plicity commends  it  to  ixW.  —  Springjield,  Mass.,  Ilepuhlica)!. 

The  system  of  Takigrafy  is  believed  by  those  who  have  made  themselves 
acquainted  with  it  to  be  destined  to  supersede  every  other  system  of  condensed 
writing  in  meeting  the  wants  of  the  world. —  Congregationalist  and  Recorder, 
Boston,  Mass. 


12  PRESS    NOTICES. 

"We  know  Takigrafy  to  be  scientifically  exact,  theoretically  beautiful,  easily 
learned,  every  way  eatisfactory ;  and  we  cannot  conceive  of  any  person  learning 
the  system  and  regretting  it  from  the  hour  of  his  first  lesson.  AVe  do  not  see 
how  it  can  ever  fail  to  "  fill  the  bill."  —  X.  E.  Journal  of  Education. 

Takigrafy  iz,  we  beleev,  the  only  sistem  ov  shorthand  that  haz  a  style  fully 
written  out,  with  connected  vowelz  —  that  iz  eazily  lornd  and  written,  and  eazily 
and  sertinly  red  at  siht.  It  cannot  fail  to  be  ov  great  servis  to  all  literary,  pro- 
fesional,  and  biznes  men. —  Hie  Advance,  Chicago,  III. 

Ov  the  varius  sistems  ov  breef-writing  before  the  public,  Takigrafy  iz  con- 
siderd  l)y  competent  judgez  to  be  the  best.  It  iz  especially  adapted  to  the  wants 
ov  the  student,  the  man  ov  biznes,  and  the  profesional  man. —  The  Iowa  City 
liepublicun. 

From  personal  trial,  we  doo  not  hezitate  to  say  that  the  new  sistem  can  be 
lernd  in  wiin  quarter  ov  the  time  ov  the  old,  and  written  twice  az  fast.  —  The 
Enierprize ,  Burlington ,  X.  J. 

The  advantagez  offerd  by  Takigrafy  over  eny  uther  sistem  ov  writing  are 
greater  simplisity,  eaze  ov  acquizition,  eaze  and  rapidity  in  execution,  and  per- 
fect legibility  when  written.  —  Tlie  Reformer  and  Free  Preas,  Sycamore,  III. 

Tills  sistem  iz  gaining  popularity  very  fast  amung  the  literary  clasez. —  The 
Douglas  County  lieview,  Tuscola,  III. 

The  short-hand  style  of  writing  is  now  so  simplified  that  any  person  can  learn 
to  write  it  in  a  very  short  time  so  that  it  will  be  just  as  legible  as  ordinary  writ- 
ing.   Treachers  especially  shud  learn  it. —  The  Free  Methodist. 

Of  the  varius  systems  of  Iniof  writing  before  the  public,  Takigrafy  is  con- 
sidcrd  by  competent  judges  to  be  the  best. —  Cedar  Ilapids  Republican,  Iowa.. 

In  Takigrafy  theory  is  reduced  to  system  ;  it  is  a  perfected  whole,  and  the 
short  time  required  for  its  mastery  is  the  highest  compliment  that  cud  be  paid 
it.  —  Le  Roy  Enterprise,  III. 

One  of  the  most  important  inventions  of  the  century.  —  Boston  Cultivator. 

AVe  heartily  indorse  the  most  fiattering  testimonials  in  its  favor.  —  Meriden 
Daily  Recorder,  Conn. 

This  is  the  only  system  in  the  country  which  has  successfully  competed  with 
the  old  Phonography  ,  and  it  has  di-awn  over  to  its  standard  thousands  of  persons 
from  among  the  writers  of  the  older  system,  who  l)elieve  that  Takigrafy  is  better 
than  Plionography.  —  The  Standard,  Waukon,  Iowa. 

I  believe  it  is  the  only  system  which  is  of  any  value  to  an  active  business 
man.  I  cannot  speak  too  highly  in  its  favor. —  Chan.  S.  Hamptoti,  editor  and 
publisher  of  the  Northern  Independent,  and  president  of  the  Michigan  Pres% 
Association. 


Los  Angeles 


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LIBRARY 


Z^6   Lindsley- 
L6ke     The  elements  of 
- 1 889  tachygraphy . 


UCLA-Young   Research    Library 

Z56   .L64e   1889 
y 


L  009  557  268   1 


Z56 

L6i;e 
1889 


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tlliil  jlilllS,,'?F.'^'°'^^L  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


